TRADING ECONOMIC IN TURKEY CRISIS 2001

[Name of Student]

[Name of Instructor]

[University]

[Name of Course]

[Date]

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847094” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc412847094 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847095” 2.0 The Keynesian Cross PAGEREF _Toc412847095 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847096” 2.1 IS–LM model PAGEREF _Toc412847096 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847097” 3.0 The multiplier effect PAGEREF _Toc412847097 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847098” 4.0 Effects of the Turkish austerity program of 2001 on economic growth and unemployment. PAGEREF _Toc412847098 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847099” 5.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc412847099 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847100” References PAGEREF _Toc412847100 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc412847101” List of figure PAGEREF _Toc412847101 h 18

1.0 IntroductionThe Turkish economy has faced occasional economic crisis since the 1990s. Some of the major crisis occurred between 2001 and 1990. The main causes of this crisis were grounded on international macroeconomics and domestic instabilities. However, the main focus of this paper is the crisis that occurred in 2001. In the aftermath of the 2001 crisis, the Turkey government enforced the Transition to the Strong Economic Program. The tightened fiscal package in 2001 contained important emphasized expenditure reductions and revenue raising measures. The revenue measures included: an increase in the luxury VAT and the standard rates by a fraction of one percentage point, a rise in the tax on petroleum consumption by 20 per cent by April and 25 percent by May, and a rise in the least base for social security contributions at a rate of 40 per cent so as to cover the payments. On the expenditure side, the number of civil servants and their real wages were kept constant in 2001; negotiations on new contracts with public sector workers were targeted to be supportive of the disinflation objective; current expenditures, transfers, and investment were adjusted by less than the inflation rate; and defence spending was also scaled back. Savings were also projected in the State Economic Enterprises (SEEs) as well as by slower spending in extra-financial funds. In reference to the above important emphasized expenditure reductions and revenue raising measures, this paper analysis some of the short and medium impacts these measures have had on the Turkish economy, and provide lessons that other countries can learn from this experience.

2.0 The Keynesian CrossNational income is characterized as the ventures and reserve funds in a nation’s economy. Keynesian cross model demonstrates the equation for harmony national salary as; Y= C +I+ G+ (X-M). In this formula, Y is the national income, C is total consumption, I is total investment, G is government spending, X is fares and M are imports (Dées et al., 2010, p. 67). The total interest is an upward curve since it is expected purchasers request more when their disposable wage is high. There is a positive relationship between disposable wage and utilization and along these lines it is valid to contend that request will dependably increment with expansion in disposable salary. Total request additionally increments as venture builds yet is contrarily influenced on the off chance that it happens that imports and duties increment because of climb in investment since they adversely influence the venture level.

The balance level is at the point where AD, the aggregate interest, is equivalent to Y, the national yield. Right now, aggregate supply equivalents aggregate interest. The central point prompting a development towards the harmony focuses stock changes as a consequence of changes in salary and generation on the off chance that it happens that the current yield is more than the balance level; inventories will aggregate prompting a chop down underway and accordingly a descending move towards the balance (Dées et al., 2010, p. 70). Then again, with a generation level beneath the balance, there is shy of inventories and subsequently organizations will deliver all the more prompting an upward move towards the harmony.

INCLUDEPICTURE “https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTu3l6GFdMobiwwgTMT3ipUudZhdcTCDVadotkQe-1ig_uq4tSXJ6EXy8DpGA” * MERGEFORMATINET

Diagram 1 – The calculation for The Keynesian Cross

On the off chance, that there is an ascent in any of the total interest segments, C, IP, G or NX, the interest curve moves upward. The ascents in these parts can be as a consequence of increments underway on account of expanded confidence about the benefit later on. This increment will prompt an increment in the harmony levels (Dées et al., 2010, p. 75). Correspondingly, with a decrease in any of the interest segments, the interest curves moves downwards and prompts a reduction in the balance levels.

Keynes effect undertakes that amount requested increments with decline in the cost and the other way around. With steady ostensible cash supply, diminishing value infers lower premium rates and hence higher spending. The significant accentuation in this model is “that a decrease in total interest can prompt a stable balance with generous unemployment”. Full occupation is contended to be touched base at when there are conformities in the total interest.

2.1 IS–LM modelIn order to calculate the relationship that exist between real output and the interest rate, the IS–LM model will be used. Below is a diagram showing the calculation of the IS–LM model.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Islm.svg/270px-Islm.svg.png” * MERGEFORMATINET

Diagram 2 & 3 – The IS-LM model curves

The intersections of the curve between “investment–saving” (IS) and “liquidity preference–money supply” (LM) is the general equilibrium. In the intersection, there is simultaneous equilibrium for both markets. In the diagram above, the horizontal axis labeled as Y represent the real gross domestic product or the national income. The vertical axis labeled as I represent the interest rate. However, since this model is a non-dynamic model, there is the presence of fixed relationship between the real interest rate and the nominal interest rate. In IS–LM model, the IS curve summarizes the equilibrium that exist in the goods market. The LM curve, on the other hand, summarizes the equilibrium in the market for money. The equilibrium in the IS–LM model are represented by the intersections that occur between the IS and the LM curves.

The equation used for the IS curve is:

Y = C (Y – T (Y)) + I (r) + G + NX (Y)

In the above equation, Y is used to represent the national income; C (Y – T (Y)) represents the consumer spending. The consumer spending is an increasing function that is calculated by income (Y) minus the taxes T(Y). I (r) refer to the investments as declining function of the real interest rate. G represents the government spending. Lastly, NX (Y) represents the net exports. The net export is calculated by subtracting the exports from the imports.

The equation used in the LM curve is:

M / P = L (i, Y)

In the above equation, M / P represent the supply of money as opposed to the nominal amount M and P as the price level. L represents the real demand for money. However, L is subjected to interest rate represented as i and the real income represented as Y.

3.0 The multiplier effectThe extent of the multiplier effect of an independent use change is littler in the total business investigation, because of a change in the value level, than in the standard Keynesian cross-examination, which accepts a steady value level (Hein and Stockhammer, 2011, p. 59). The change in the value level triggers an inverse change in total uses to that of the beginning independent use change, consequently lessening the extent of the multiplier sway.

At the point, when assessed utilizing the total market, the standard Keynesian multiplier effect is dampened by value level changes. Changes in the value level trigger the genuine offset impact, investment rate impact, and net fares impact, which cause a development of the total interest curve and consequent changes in total consumptions. These total uses alter in the inverse course of the introductory change in the self-ruling consumptions that set the multiplier transform in movement.

Standard Keynesian investigation is in the light of the presumption that the value level is steady or an exogenous variable of the model. Aggregate market sector examination, conversely, incorporates the value level as an endogenous variable. In Keynesian examination, total creation is accepted to climb or tumble to match any progressions in total consumptions. In aggregate market sector examination, total generation is all the more sensibly subject to requirements that are reflected in a value level change (Hein and Stockhammer, 2011, p. 67). An outline of the aggregate market is in place. The show to one side shows the standard short-run aggregate market sector examination (Asada, 2010, p. 76). The adversely inclined total interest curve is named AD, and the decidedly slanted short-run total supply curve is marked SRAS. The crossing point of the two curves demonstrates balance at value level Po and total generation of $12 trillion.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.amosweb.com/images/KnMp45b.gif” * MERGEFORMATINET

Diagram 4 – The Keynesian multiplayer effect

Key to this present exchange, any stun to the total business, particularly brought on by a movement of the total interest curve, brings about a change in the value level. Also, this value level change will then cause a development of the total interest curve as harmony is restored. Because of this, assume that there is an increment in total interest, for example, that brought about by a $1 trillion increment in speculation consumptions (Asada, 2010, p. 79). This, obviously, causes a rightward movement of the total interest curve and results in another balance. Click the [AD Increase] catch to delineate this movement.

Consider the rightward movement of the total interest curve. The standard Keynesian multiplier investigation accepts that the value level stays unaltered. Accordingly, the introductory flat move of the total interest curve shows the Keynesian multiplier. Click the [Keynesian Multiplier] catch to delineate. The level movement of the total interest curve, measured at the first value level, Po, is the change in total creation coming about because of the Keynesian multiplier. This is demonstrated by the development from point A to point C. This level of total generation is $16 trillion, a $4 trillion build coming about because of a $1 trillion speculation infusion and a multiplier of 4.

On the other hand, the aggregate market sector examination shows that the value level does not stay consistent at Po, however rather climbs to P1. This increment in the value level prompts the genuine equalization, investment rate, and net fare impacts, which cause a development of the total interest, curve from point C to point B. The higher value level, accordingly, hoses the first Keynesian multiplier process. As opposed to a multiplier of 4, which triggers the $4 trillion change that accomplishes $16 trillion in total generation, the cost balanced multiplier is just 1 for this situation. At the short-run balance convergence point B, the change in total generation is just $1 trillion, and the harmony level of total creation is $13 trillion.

4.0 Effects of the Turkish austerity program of 2001 on economic growth and unemployment.The implementation of the protocols with respect to the re-establishment of the financial sector and keeping up general society financing parity was effective and helped Turkey to accomplish a more steady structure than it had before the 2001 emergency. The most imperative changes influenced the financial systems. The fundamental regulation changes went for constraining the operations of open banks that would bring about misfortunes and to restrict sponsorships to the legislature through open banks (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 78). Also, capital was brought up keeping in mind the end goal to restore the financial structure of open banks, and improved straightforwardness was presented in the financial systems. Numerous regulations were organized with a specific end goal to give a strong structure to the asset‒liability parity of private banks. Notwithstanding, the time of strong GDP growth somewhere around 2002 and 2007 saw in the meantime declining levels of open net obligation stock: as percent of GDP, it slowly declined from 61.5% in 2002 to 28.2% in 2008 as per the Turkish Treasury. Strong GDP growth coupled with obligation diminishments before the emergency and genuinely low plan shortfalls of 0.6 to 1.8% of GDP somewhere around 2005 and 2008 gave financial sector to generally extensive financial reaction bundles to neutralize the emergency (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 85). As per the evaluations of SPO (2009), the aggregate expenses of the direct financial measures taken because of the worldwide emergency added up to (and were relied upon to sum to) 0.83%, 2.25% and 2.22% of the GDP in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively.

As a nation with structural current account shortage, Turkey necessities external finance which makes the financial channels an essential one. At the point when the financial streams to creating nations lessened amid the emergency period, access of private division to outside financing is adversely influenced. The result for Turkish economy in this worldwide emergency case was fast decrease in venture, sparing crevice, current record shortfall, outside immediate investment, portfolio inflows and other outer financing (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 90). While, current record dropped down because of extremely feeble residential request in 2009, net capital streams likewise contracted because of lower liquidity accessible in worldwide financial markets.

Diagram 5 – The external capital flow for Turkey

Diagram 6 – The GDP ratio of Turkey

In the current point in which the economies are joined well with one another by means of genuine segment or money-related part associations and simple change of data inside and between nations, desires channel have turned into an essential wellspring of transmission. Particularly the late worldwide emergency made a research facility case for parallel developments of certainty markers and worldwide financial circumstance (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 95). Turkey was one of the nations in which buyer, financial specialist and business certainty showed quick crumbling. All things considered, as we will see later the recuperation of these markers and their appearance on genuine financial information were as quick with the usage of fruitful hostile to emergency policies.

All things considered, three diverts cooperated in 2009, which prompted a compression of economy by 4.9 percent particularly because of quick decrease in household request. The emergency had additionally noteworthy effect on Turkey’s work market. The most purported impact was seen in the climbing work investment rates, particularly that of women (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 96). This was thought to be an impression of command of “included specialist impact” over “disheartened laborer impact”. In spite of the fact that Turkey kept on making new employments even at the crest of the emergency, unemployment rates expanded generously with the ascent in support rates.

Diagram 7 – The Participation and Unemployment Rates for Turkey

Macroeconomic steadiness and financial space achieved between 2002 and 2008 in Turkey made space for the move to execute dynamic hostile to emergency strategies. In addition, solid structure of saving money area and low presentation of the division to Universal lethal resources shielded the part from damaging outcomes of the worldwide emergency. This additionally kept the area from requiring open backing amid the emergency which made Turkey the main OECD nation which did not need to back its saving money division (Öniş and Şenses, 2009, p. 98).

The embodiment of macroeconomic strategies amid the emergency was to get back the certainty the economy in a short period. The aim was not furnish the economy with nonstop backing of money related and financial policy (OECD, 2002, p. 35). Consequently, Turkey executed auspicious, focused on and measured macroeconomic arrangement blend, and evacuated the instability encompassing macro arrangements with an early declaration of the passageway system from fiscal policies in September 2009 as a feature of its medium term financial program and passageway procedure from fiscal strategies in April 2010.

Progress in disinflation, decrease in inflationary desires and upgraded trust in financial strategies gave the Central Bank of Turkey without hardly lifting a finger fiscal conditions by diminishing strategy premium rates and infusing enough liquidity to the business sectors. Also, drifting swapping scale administration that Turkey has been executing since 2001 empowered the financial power to act with huge adaptability. All the while, the Central Bank of Turkey dropped down pointedly the arrangement premium rates and forestalled liquidity blockages in credit markets. All out lessening in the policy rate added up to 1025 premises indicate from November 2008 November 2009. This diminishment in arrangement rate was the most noteworthy in the OECD and among other developing markets. Additionally, cuts in obliged store proportions for Turkish Lira and remote cash stores were instrumental to help liquidity and loaning. The Central Bank of Turkey suspended its remote trade purchasing barters from October 2008 to August 2009 and furnished the business sector with extra outside trade liquidity through outside trade offering barters.

On the financial side, the financial space achieved in the pre-crisis period empowered the Turkish government to take some expansionary financial measures and duty diminishments that helped the shopper interest to recuperate rapidly. Another investment motivation framework was placed set up to enhance venture environment (OECD, 2002, p. 60). In addition, some expense diminishments and absolutions were acquainted withdraw in resources held in outside of the nation by the inhabitants. Having exceptionally very much aware of shielding work market from the hindering impacts of the emergency different assessment and premium decreases and motivations gave the organizations and SMEs and sent out firms were backed by diverse credit and credit assurance plans.

5.0 ConclusionTurkish economy confronted the worldwide emergency with reinforced basics. Having a sound financial position and solid managing an account segment were the principle fixings of the quality of the economy. High coordination of Turkish economy into the worldwide economy prompted the transmission of the worldwide emergency into the residential economy by means of exchange, money related and desire channels. In this vein, the worldwide emergency had a huge, however, a somewhat fleeting effect on the Turkish economy.

Being mindful of the part of the trust in the emergency environment, the policymakers concentrated on certainty building both on the speculator and purchaser side, and constraining employment misfortunes in the economy when creating hostile to emergency arrangements. The Turkish emergency administration experience, consequently, is a case for the essentialness of assurance of soundness and trust in the economy amid turbulent times. On the customer side, provisional assessment diminishments in chose products, more broad utilization of unemployment protection and work market arrangements to farthest point work misfortunes were powerful apparatuses recuperating the certainty. On the business side, open backing to decrease income and non-wage expenses of the occupation, augmentation of open credit ensure offices and specific venture motivating forces were of profit. Besides, the early declaration of passageway systems from both financial and fiscal policies recharged the certainty for the financial arrangements by guaranteeing that long haul strength in the economy won’t be placed in risk.

These tries paid off rapidly, and Turkey figured out how to develop at high rates in 2010 and 2011, in view of solid residential interest, although outer conditions stayed feeble and delicate. The economy kept on making new occupation in the emergency year, and vocation creation was more unmistakable in the accompanying two years, taking the unemployment rates again to the pre-crisis levels.

ReferencesAsada, T. (2010). Monetary macrodynamics. London: Routledge.

Dées, S., Pesaran, M., Smith, L. and Smith, R. (2010). Supply, demand and monetary policyshocks in a multi-country New Keynesian model. Munich: Univ.,Center for EconomicStudies.

Hein, E. and Stockhammer, E. (2011). A modern guide to Keynesian macroeconomics andeconomic policies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

OECD (2002) OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2002. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-tur-2002-en” http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-tur-2002-en

Öniş, Z. and Şenses, F. (2009). Turkey and the global economy. London: Routledge.

List of figureDiagram 1 – The calculation for The Keynesian Cross

Diagram 2 & 3 – The IS-LM model curves

Diagram 4 – The Keynesian multiplayer effect

Diagram 5 – The external capital flow for Turkey

Diagram 6 – The GDP ratio of Turkey

Diagram 7 – The Participation and Unemployment Rates for Turkey