Category: Uncategorized

The Bronze Age

Concept statement

This exhibition at the Museum of Chinese History features bronze implements from ancient China. The exhibit has pieces that have been borrowed from other museums around the country and is now being presented at the Museum of Chinese History. Around the year 3000 B.C., the skill of bronze casting was first developed, and China was one of the first nations in the world to adopt it. The finest form of bronze consists of copper as the primary component, along with a number of additional metals. When it came to the production of commodities, bronze was a prevalent material in ancient China. It was used often at occasions ranging from festivals to violent encounters. During the Bronze Age in China, a ceremonial jar made of bronze functioned as the principal representation of governmental authority. When it comes to the construction of weapons, bronze, in its purest form, is a material that is both stronger and more durable than copper. Because bronze is an alloy, it can be melted and forged in a number of different ways. This enables artisans to manufacture products that may be put to a wide variety of purposes and have a wide range of aesthetic appeal. Certain bronze handicrafts from ancient China have weighty and powerful aesthetic characteristics, and these bronzes are defined by their well-carved forms and intricately ornamented surfaces. The Chinese bronze age boasts of a period of immense historical wealth, an era that will be greatly highlighted in this project to let others better understand bronze, its use, and importance in Chinese history.

The current project focuses on creating an exhibition that will curate 50 artefacts from the Chinese bronze age. The objects chosen were all once very useful and a large part of the Chinese culture. They are all unified by bronze being the primary material. All of the 50 items will be sourced from the Chinese History Museum. The studio specializes in creating interiors for learning spaces, libraries, museums, and galleries. It is impossible to overstate the significance of individual student research, which was the main factor in the creation of the inner space and shape. As part of this project, an exhibition around the Chinese History Museum will presented. The museum is notable not because of its size and scope, but rather because of how it was built, how it rotates, and how it has gathered various books and vaults. The arrangement gives visitors to the exhibition rooms something different from what they were expecting while also breaking up the city to make it appear livelier. The layout aims to give the city a more vibrant feel. This project’s objective is for me to write a research paper that will act as the basis for my design work. This document’s final product, a design brief, will be a response to the studio overview that was earlier presented. The category of this project is represented by the idea of a museum. More specifically, the design will be inspired by the items that are currently on display at the Museum of Chinese History. For tourists interested in the past of the area’s traditions and customs, kilns, ruins, and journeys through time are all a part of the educational experience that will be presented in a virtual museum format and design.

Curatorial statement

It is thought that between 6000 and 5000 B.C. was the first time bronze was utilized. By melting and combining different components made of metal, people have been able to construct tools with a broad diversity of structural shapes and functional capabilities ever since ancient times. Bronze is one of the numerous names that are given to the alloy that is created when copper and tin are mixed together. Smelting is the procedure that joins together the fundamental elements that make up bronze. These materials include pure copper and tin-gold. The people of China have, throughout the course of the country’s 5,000-year history, established a complete system for creating bronze, which has found use in farming, industry, and even warfare. The majority of bronze artifacts found in China are containers that were used in ceremonies. These vases are characterized by their ornate ornamentation, which contribute to their aura of sophistication.

The Chinese civilization expanded swiftly and through a number of significant changes between the end of the Neolithic Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age. The discovery of natural reserves of copper and tin, which were required to produce bronze, was one of the factors that contributed to this shift. The earliest foundries were created in northern China about 1700 BCE (Liu et al., 2019). They were able to heat the ores to the point where they could be combined and utilized to produce metal. One of the earliest foundries was at Anyang, which served as the capital of the late Shang dynasty from 1300 to 1050 BCE (Liu et al., 2019). Anyang was the capital at the time. It was a location that was both huge and confusing. Since 1928, archaeologists have been fascinated with the city of Anyang, which is located in the north-northeast corner of the province of Henan. The site goes back to the Bronze Age, when it housed a sizable community as well as the massive graves of twelve kings. Bronzes of extremely high quality have been discovered in some of the graves of affluent individuals that have not been tampered with (Jaang, 2022). Despite the fact that all of the royal cemeteries had been stolen hundreds of years before, some tombs had not been touched.

The fact that bronzeware was both a badge of grandeur in its day and put to practical use in bygone eras gives it a special place in the annals of history. The ruling class had an easy-to-use instrument at its disposal with which it could keep its grasp on power since it had a monopoly on the raw materials and the know-how to transform them into bronze. In ancient China, metal artifacts were often embellished with gold, inlays, and paints of various colors. Visitors to the exhibition could take away something useful from the bronze items on display in the form of a deeper comprehension of the many historical processes that are on view. The process of bronze smelting in China has a long and profound history, and it represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of Chinese material culture. This is shown by the technical and aesthetic advancements made by the ancient Chinese bronze civilization. One piece of support for this theory is the fact that ancient China had a thriving bronze industry.

Site Analysis

Bay 15 will retain the historical element of the facility. Regarding lighting, natural light will be preserved. The original industrial design of the facility will be retained in order to offer authenticity. Additions to the lighting structure will include replacement of the roofing material to have translucent roofing to allow in more natural lighting. As part of adding some modern enhancements, LED lighting will be installed not just as a supplement but also as a way to raise the standard of the facility to meet modern museums. The atmosphere aimed at is a minimalist design, with museum pieces placed strategically across the vast floor design. The idea is to focus all of the attention on the individual bronze pieces in display.

The Development Process of Bronze

Foundries were first developed in northern China. This allowed the people who lived there to reap the advantages of the Bronze Age before those in the south. Following it, there were significant changes in both social and political life as a result of the rise of powerful economic and political civilizations. People modified their farming and fighting methods by converting from metal tools and weapons to stone tools and weapons, which survive longer than metal. As a result, individuals began conducting business in distant locations. The traditions used to respect ancestors, such as placing flowers on their graves and eating special feasts, became increasingly intricate over time (Jaang, 2022). Wine and grains were stored in exquisite metal pots with complex decorations for these feasts. Wine and grains were stored in these vessels. Simple symbols that represented a family or clan were gradually supplanted by more elaborate pictographs that detailed in-depth accounts about significant historical events as the Chinese writing system progressed. These magnificent bronzes may reveal more than simply how culture and art have evolved through time and how history has unfolded.

China began an era known as the Bronze Age about 2000 B.C., which lasted for a long length of time. During this historical period, a civilization began to take shape that would largely retain its structure for the next 2,000 years (Liu et al., 2019). Urbanization and the formation of a social order occurred together in the first phases of this transition. This was particularly true in areas with a substantial population concentration. In China, like in other societies across the globe, rituals had the twin aim of bringing people together and, over time, teaching them how to rule. The bulk of early ritual implements were crafted from bronze, making it the most prevalent material. Because rituals played such an essential part in the formation of civilization, it is possible, if not likely, to extrapolate some of the most crucial elements of the civilizations (or at least the elites who built them) from the forms and patterns of these objects (Cheung, Jing, Tang, & Richards, 2017). This is due to the significance of rituals in the formation of civilization. This is particularly evident when considering how crucial rituals were to the overall functioning of society.

Even though the exact era that China started using metallurgy is unknown, there is substantial evidence that early bronzeworking happened in China without aid from outsiders. Despite the fact that the precise date China started utilizing metallurgy is uncertain, this is the case. This time is often referred to as the Bronze Age of China because bronze, which was created by mixing copper and tin, was used to create weapons, chariot components, and ceremonial artifacts (Cheung et al., 2017). This is because bronze plays such an important part in the evolution of things. Towards the end of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, iron was found for the first time in China.

Pre-Molding Cast

China’s first bronze production used a technique known as piece-mold casting. In contrast, the production of bronze in every other Bronze Age civilization used the use of lost wax. When anything is to be cast using a piece mold, a model of the object to be cast must first be made. Using the model, a clay mold of the object that will be cast is then created. Before the model can be removed from the mold, it must be disassembled into its component pieces. After the stage involving fire, the components are rejoined to create the mold for the casting process (Liu et al., 2019). In order to form the vessel’s entrance, a core must be put into the mold if the item being cast is a vessel. From the dawn of time until the end of the Shang dynasty, it is virtually certain that only the piece-mold method was applied in China. The creative designs could be carved or stamped directly into the inside of the mold before it was burned, which was a benefit of this approach despite the fact that it was not the easiest way to cast bronze (Liu et al., 2020). The bronzeworker was able to reproduce even the most elaborate designs in a clear and intelligible manner using this approach.

The Chinese manufactured a wide variety of ornamented ceremonial objects, musical instruments, and weapons, a custom that was maintained under the Han Dynasty (Cheung et al., 2017). They demonstrate how ancient Chinese culture used elements of science, art, and natural resources to create amazing things. Bronze was the material of choice in China’s ancient ceremonial civilization for the production of temple vessels, which were offered as sacrifices to the gods of sky, earth, mountains, and rivers. They were used for festivities, awards, and even royal burials and feasts. The durability and resistance to breaking and splitting of bronze made it an ideal material for the construction of receptacles that kings might use to reward dukes, princes, and ministers who had made significant contributions to their country or sovereign. These artifacts served as a constant reminder to succeeding generations of the achievements of their ancestors. The bronze tripod Mao Gong Ding, which is presently being shown in Taipei, was commissioned by the imperial government to be made. On the jar and the tripod, there is a total of 497 characters inscribed (Pollard et al., 2017). These and other such items will be virtually curated in the redesigned Museum of Chinese History.

Variations of Bronze in the Chinese Culture

The creative and inventive nature of the ancient Chinese may be seen in the many variations that can be found within each category. There is a wide variety of forms and styles. Gui were constructed millet containers. It looked very much like one of the newer rice bins. Others had bases in the shape of spheres, stacked above one another. The circular base was complimented by the enormous square base that some of them possessed. Ding is a cooking tool that is in the form of a tripod. Handling was simplified thanks to two knobs located on the lips. The jar was supported by three legs, which maintained it at a distance from the fire that allowed for complete cooking of the meat. Jars called “jue” that had spouts, handles, and other accessories were used to serve and heat wine. The quick warming of the wine was assisted by three legs. The bottom of the wine container used by the Zun people was either round, square, or square-based (Liu et al., 2019). The importance of balance, symmetry, and gravity was stressed in ancient Chinese bronze sculptures.

The three-dimensionality of the material is highlighted in the majority of bronze line patterns by the incorporation of a central motif and a border pattern. Ceramics produced during the Shang Dynasty had a motif known as “beast of gluttony” (Cheung et al., 2017). The embossed surface of the item resembled the profile of a single animal that combined the characteristics of two symmetrical species. The Western Zhou dynasty is generally credited for popularizing bird patterns that maintained symmetry. This remained the case. Following the middle and late dynasties of the Western Zhou, prominent motifs included chain links, fish scales, and wave patterns. Animal themes are becoming less popular. Patterns that were symmetrical were changed to designs that had band motifs or chain links repeated many times. After the middle Spring and Autumn period, which lasted from 770 to 476 BC, the popularity of vertical animal band patterns increased (Liu et al., 2019). Through the whole of the time, this trend persisted. As a complementary element to the overarching design, the Shang Dynasty border design often included depictions of clouds and lightning bolts. By the time the Western Zhou dynasty came to an end, border themes had been eliminated. Following the seasons of Spring and Autumn, “germinating grain” designs began to develop in the tile borders.

Precedent 1 Typology

The Museum of Chinese History

The primary mission of the Museum of Chinese History is to display Chinese historical objects and other materials that are relevant to this mission. The whole of the room is decorated in cool tones, and the wide use of black surfaces (including the ceiling, floor, and walls) creates the illusion that there is more area than there really is. The all-black appearance of the display cabinets serves to call attention to the antiques that are housed within while also underlining the significance of those treasures. The entire area, with its angular walls and ceilings, lends itself more well to the presentation of the exhibits that are now on view. The ambiance created by the venue’s furnishings and decorations is essential to obtaining this impact. The antiquities, such as the antique bronze tools, provide a striking contrast to the appearance of the area, which is described as having a future look due to the many splices of straight lines that are spread over the region.

Precedent 2 Typology

Multimedia Platforms

Because of the multimedia platform that the gallery has installed, the information can now be presented in a way that is not only more efficient but also more fascinating. The digital media displays inside the pavilion are interactive, giving visitors the opportunity to learn more about China’s history as they navigate the exhibition space. We are able to establish, with the help of complex algorithm parameters, which categories of information are most relevant to consumers and, as a result, get the most hits. The filtering and optimization of data relating to the bronze that is now on display is significantly helped by the presence of such a site.

Precedent 3 Typology

Forms

Displaying the work in a singular manner will make visitors more curious and inquisitive regarding why the artefacts deserve to be exhibited. Engraving and embossing were used for the very first time on bronze designs. These patterns eventually developed into deep reliefs, patterns that resembled sculptures, and inlaid motifs throughout the course of time (Cheung et al., 2017). The use of turquoise, copper, silver, and gold was common in inlays. Animals and geometric patterns using straight, diagonal, and wavy lines were often used in inlaid artwork. Their sophistication and excellent workmanship added to the allure of their appearance.

Artifacts

Tang dynasty: bronze mirror

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Cheng Huang life size bronze sculpture

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022.

Han dynasty: Horse and Swallow tomb sculpture

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Bodhisattva Guanyin, cast bronze with traces of gilding

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Water buffalo bronze sculpture

Sourced from National Museum of Asian Art, 2022.

Bronze-plated body armor for military use

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Bronze round shaped bell (niuzhong)

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

A knotted dragon bronze pendant ornamental item

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022.

Bronze wine container of medium size and use (Hu)

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022.

Zhou dynasty: ceremonial bronze douSource: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Larger bronze wine container and ornamental vessel

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Older wine container and liquid storage vessel (hu)

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Bronze round-shaped food serving vessel (dui)

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Bronze-winged cup with geometric designs

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Long sleeve bronze figure of a female dancer

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Wine pouring vessel (Gong)

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Ceremonial bronze fangyiSource: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Zhou dynasty: ceremonial bronze guiSource: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Ceremonial bronze gong

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022

Seated bodhisattva Maitreya bronze sculpture with hints of gilding

Source: National Museum of Asian Art, 2022.

References

Cheung, C., Jing, Z., Tang, J., & Richards, M. P. (2017). Social dynamics in early Bronze Age China: A multi-isotope approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16, 90-101.

Cheung, C., Jing, Z., Tang, J., Yue, Z., & Richards, M. P. (2017). Examining social and cultural differentiation in early Bronze Age China using stable isotope analysis and mortuary patterning of human remains at Xin’anzhuang, Yinxu. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(5), 799-816.

Jaang, L. (2022). Erlitou: The Making of a Secondary State and a New Sociopolitical Order in Early Bronze Age China. Journal of Archaeological Research, 1-54.

Liu, R., Pollard, A. M., Cao, Q., Liu, C., Sainsbury, V., Howarth, P., … & Tang, J. (2020). Social hierarchy and the choice of metal recycling at Anyang, the last capital of Bronze Age Shang China. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-9.

Liu, R., Pollard, A. M., Rawson, J., Tang, X., Bray, P., & Zhang, C. (2019). Panlongcheng, Zhengzhou and the movement of metal in early bronze age China. Journal of World Prehistory, 32(4), 393-428.

National Museum of Asian Art. (2022). Bronze age casting. Available at https://asia.si.edu/learn/ancient-chinese-bronzes/bronze-age-casting/

Pollard, A. M., Bray, P., Hommel, P., Hsu, Y. K., Liu, R., & Rawson, J. (2017). Bronze Age metal circulation in China. Antiquity, 91(357), 674-687.

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The Care Act of 2014

The Care Act of 2014 came into effect in the year 2015, is a representation of the most significant reform of care and support in more than 60 years, putting individuals and their caregivers in control of their care and support (Penhale et al.). The primary reason for the establishment of the Care Act was to protect adults from being mistreated and as well help in improving the quality of life and to make this possible; the caregivers must, therefore, follow the Act’s principles to the letter. The Act principles are aimed to emphasize that everyone in the care is a human being and to whom have wants and needs. Besides, they help the significance of involving the service consumer in the process of assessing their safeguarding needs. When the principles of the Act are followed, the service provider increases the autonomy of vulnerable adults and therefore enhance the consumer’s commitment to delivering the best care.

The Care Act of 2014 encourages the care providers to adopt the person-centered approach in the attempt of safeguarding the vulnerable adults, as this helps in putting the needs as well as the wellbeing of the vulnerable beings at the forefront and thus safeguarding the processes of caregiving (Donnelly et al.). The various principles of the Care Act include; empowerment, protection, prevention, proportionality, partnership, and accountability. Most of the abused or neglected adults are in most cases silent victims at the time of safeguarding their concerns, implying that the care providers have to make all the decisions while the service consumer has little or no involvement at all in decision making. Due to the existence of such cases, the Care Act principles aim to eliminate the detached approach between the caregivers and consumers. Following the principles help empower the adults so that they take an active part in safeguarding processes so that they receive the most appropriate care and at the same time feel in control.

Empowerment is one of the principles and which encourages the support of vulnerable adults so that they are able to confidently make their own individuals and provide informed consent in regards to their care. To ensure the effective empowerment of the vulnerable adults, the care provider should assess the nature of provisions if any, so that they are able to reach decisions confidently. Information should be provided in a straightforward and through a jargon free form and also questions related to the changes in the consumer’s safeguarding or care plan, which should include advocacy.

The principle of protection states that the care provider should support and represent the people in greater need (Stevens). It aims at providing the consumers with clear and straightforward information in regards to the recognition of abuse signs and also advice on the best time to seek help. Prevention is one of the most crucial principles of care in that even after being freed from neglect and abuse, the vulnerable individual may still suffer from long-lasting physical and psychological damage, and therefore, the caregivers should preemptively provide protection to the vulnerable people in order to reduce the long-term harm.

The principle of proportionality ensures the utilization of preventive measures in the most un-obstructive way possible, and therefore do not apply the concept of one-size-fits-all, which can prevent the care provider from making the wrong decision. Partnership requires that the care provider partner with the local services and the communities so that they can jointly help in preventing, detecting, and reporting the suspected cases of neglect and abuse among the vulnerable populations. On the other hand, the principle of accountability requires that the care provider be wholly transparent and should be ready to take responsibility for all the safeguarding practices used in support of the vulnerable populations.

Works Cited

Donnelly, Sarah, et al. “Adult safeguarding legislation and policy rapid realist literature review.” (2017).

Penhale, Bridget, et al. “The Care Act 2014: a new legal framework for safeguarding adults in civil society.” The Journal of Adult Protection 19.4 (2017): 169-174.

Stevens, Rosemary A. Welfare medicine in America: A case study of Medicaid. Routledge, 2017.

The bulk of the semester has been devoted to a discussion on the physiological adjustments and coordination of systems to meet the demands of physical activity. Based on the environmental conditions, ingestion of supplements, and bodily age, the body will respond differently to the stress of physical activity and exercise training.

Objective: To become a subject matter expert on 1 topic related to Environmental Influences on Performance by designing a PPT presentation that showcases your knowledge on your chosen subject.

Project Components:

3 Peer-reviewed journal articles on your topic (first and last page must be submitted to Moodle).

3 1-page journal article summaries.

1 PPT presentation on your topic

Instructions:

Read the chapter in your textbook related to your chosen topic.

Select 3 peer reviewed journal articles on your topic.

Summarize each of the journal articles in a 1-page summary document.

Create a 10-minute PPT presentation.

Present information to class through a class-room presentation.

PPT Information:

Test material will come from the textbook chapters. Make sure that you are using the textbook when creating your PPT presentation.

PPT presentations may contain a short video clip.

Video must be < 3 minutes

Information in video must be covered in a PPT slide as well

PPT presentation must include summary information related to the journal articles that you selected.

PPT presentation must include a bibliography.

The Career As A Salesperson The career as a salesperson is very rewarding for those who dare to try it. The requirements for one to join the line of the profession are high since it is a demanding job. The expectations are high for the person choosing to work for a company or business organization. This is because the realization of high sales and consequently high profits depends on the person doing the sales task. The competition in the business high thus is requiring many professionals. The world currently requires qualified persons to take up the jobs in sales fields. Majority of the people however, tend to shy away from the careers in selling for various reasons.

The nature of the career scares many potential persons wishing to take up opportunities in the field. People have their own reasons, for wishing to shy away from the career even when it may seem lucrative. Some people for instance may decline an offer for the job because the feel they lack the confidence to execute it. Others feel that it is way above their standards. Still, a number may side their case with the existing professionals to make their judgment about the job. For instance, a person may have a negative feeling of how the sales persons try to persuade people. They feel that the salesperson makes all the efforts to make them impulse buy the commodities in question. For a sales person to be versant with all the items in the store, ability to push a client to purchase an item was simply spectacular Lastly, in the career, one has to be a bit cunning and tricky. This results in some people terming them as being dishonest in their line of duty. Those who would not like any association with the term will shy away (Marshall et al., 2013).

One may love to experience a feeling of new products in the market. On this day, I felt the feeling and the urge to become a sales person in the future. This is an encounter that memorable to date though the dream is not viable. While at one of the largest market Europe, I came across a sales person promoting one of the local detergents. The person managed to drive me crazy about the whole selling experience. With an audible voice, grooming and accurate selection of relevant business jargon, he managed to move the masses, into buying the product without even giving a second thought on the cost price. The promotions that came handy and the demonstration packages sold well though at a relatively cheap price for those who could afford. The systematic description of the product in question made me believe that the detergent was worth buying. Although the product is not very effective as one may imagine, I still use it with the firm believe that it is the best. Other alternative products in the market are good and relatively cheap. However, the sales person managed to convince the product is the best to use. This remains my product until the day I will come across a convincing sales person to change my view about it.

In reflection of the encounter, one good thing that makes gives me a pleasant experience is how the sales person managed to attract and capture people’s attention. The people watching the demonstration glued their eyes on the sales person. Of course, nobody can imagine what each of the audience was thinking during the presentation. However, I can imaginatively tell that the composure and confidence with which the person did the presentation made everybody eager to stay until the end. Marshall et al., (2013) in his book, acknowledges that a good sales person must possess the right qualities, skills, and knowledge to be able to market the company and make significant sales.

The recent encounter with a different sales person advertising some health products gave me the most shocking experience. The product line alone was one of shame since it was the first to encounter someone describing its use in public. Grooming when a person is dong a presentation is very important. The sales person in this case had an unfamiliar stench emanating from him. This drove away most of the audience as they could not stand it. The explanation of the product use insinuated the idea of the person not having the required experience. This left me pondering about the person for quite some time and even questioning the competence of the company that hired him to market for them.

In conclusion, one thing that made me feel uncomfortable about the whole situation is when the sales person made a signal at me to join him in front of the audience. The embarrassment made me move some steps backwards from the crowd as a sign of disinterest. This alone was a sign of communication that he was not welcome to make the presentation. The encounter made my day wayward, and when it was finally over, I resolved to take a different line of career. This saved me a great deal as I can now breathe fresh air from an office whiles it the “sales department” serving customers.

The work I do now is customer care in a communication company. The job has more avenues to interact with different people who have different views than the sales career. Although my anticipation at one moment, to become a salesperson, did not achieve realization, I feel that my profession is an avenue to demonstrate the sales skills but in a different way. This is because I talk to people with problems, and my expectation is to satisfy their need at the end of the day. The work does not involve any goods in but services. However, it has a close relation with the sales job.

The lifetime value of an ideal client is much more important to us than the quick sale, so empathy from the sales team is crucial. The best sales person must have a great personality and confidence and one who never lets go of opportunity they relate to the customer and support them in choosing the right solutions relating to other people in conversations and genuine care for others. A good sales person ceases the moment.

References

Marshall, P. S., & Koch, R. (2013). 80/20 sales and marketing: The definitive guide to working

Less and making more.

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The Bullwhip Effect

I find the article The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains interesting, realistic and educative. The writers explain the causes and solutions of the bullwhip effect in reference to companies like P&G indicating that the effect is real. The bullwhip effect is a default in the supply chain characterized by a counter effect of supply variability along the supply chain. It indicates that supply variability magnifies up the supply chain. This phenomenon can be linked to the reliance of manufacturers on supply data from re-sellers (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 94). In past years, manufacturers fell short of sale information at the distribution channel stage forcing them to rely on not so accurate information. It is interesting to learn that despite steady consumption rates, the demand order variability in the supply chain is amplified. It is also unexpected that the variability diversifies upper the supply chain. Based on research, I cannot deny that retail stores have fluctuations but not as exaggerated as they are higher the supply chain.

It is wretched to know that for years, manufacturers have relied on erroneous information to plan forecasts, capacity and scheduling productions. It is not until the bullwhip effect has revealed threatening consequences like increased correction costs, extreme capacity, poor forecast and poor consumer relations due to product unavailability, that the phenomena has been reacted upon with the seriousness it deserves(Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 96 ). It is also fascinating to note that some causes of the bullwhip effect in the supply chain are a default of members the chain (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 95). A perfect example where the manufacturers kick start the effect is in demand forecast updating. Manufacturers have grown to believe the appropriate action to take every instance new information from the supply chain emerges, is to pass the fluctuation to orders (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 98). The decision is made without consideration of the period the information will affect the supply chain. This has resulted to order fluctuations being more than the prevailing demand data and consumer needs. Moreover, interesting to realize that periodic product excessive promotion is not the best thing

I agree with the writers’ argument and point of view. I approve that demand swings are highest at the top of the supply chain (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 93). The bullwhip effect cannot be ignored because it brings forth negative consequences to distributors. I concur that solutions to this issue must be addresses and to enable this, all interested parties must understand the causes of the bullwhip effects. It is true that the causes are a result of irrational decision making. It is also normality for companies to conduct periodic promotions in a bid to increase sales (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 96). Techniques like discounts and coupons result to price fluctuation. Consumers take advantage of periodic promotions and buy in bulk .Under such circumstance, supplier’s misread signals from the consumer buying patterns which reflect neither immediate need nor actual consumption rates. When the promotion period closes, the consumers stop buying until their stock finishes. The buying variations become more than the consumption variations leading to the bullwhip effect (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 95).

The writers’ argues that when demand exceeds supply, companies commence rationing. It is true to say that distributers will assume that the rationing will last for long therefore they exaggerate their orders. Some will even opt to multi-order so they are assured of sufficient supply. When they acquire the needed stock, they drop or cancel the other orders leading to the bullwhip effect. There is also a possibility that the effect is a result of accumulation of demand by distributors prior to making orders. This is usually done to reduce costs of transportation and when there are no enough consumers to warrant supply (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 99). As demand changes, variations in the supply chain intensify. I agree that amicable solutions to the bullwhip effect include conveying downstream demand upwards in time. Others are harmonizing forecast, pricing and transportation as well as inventory planning and regularly ordering demands (Lee, Padmanabhan and Whang 99). There is also need to improve performance by reducing expenses, being timely and up to date and reducing discounts.

Work cited

Lee, Hau L; Padmanabhan, V; Whang, Seungjin. The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. Sloan Management Review; Spring 1997; 38, 3; ProQuest pg. 93

The Burakumin: Japanese Outcasts

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Bibliography:

Daily Telegraph. 24 May 1994.

Hurights Osaka. “What Will Hurights Osaka Do?”. Hurights Osaka Newsletter. Osaka.

(1995): 1.

Somucho. Outline of the Results of the 1993 Surveys to Assess Conditions in the Dowa

Areas. Tokyo. 1995.

Uesugi, S. “Thirty Years after the Deliberative Council Report and Buraku Liberation”. Human

Rights 85 (1995): 2-7.

Gasification

Course code/name:

Professor:

University:

City/state:

Date:

Question 1

The burning of coal as a source of fuel has adverse environmental effects that make the process of gasification desirable. The burning of coal release a gas called sulphur (IV) Oxide. When it is released in the atmosphere it reacts with oxygen to become sulphuric acid. There are adverse ecological damages when the acid is released to the environment as “acid rain” which is combination rainwater and the sulphuric acid. Acid rain destroys vegetation and the drainage pollutes the water sources which is an enormous ecological threat.

Coal mining poses a threat to miners because the extraction of the mineral is intrinsically harmful. It also presents health risks to miners due to the emission of coal dust and dangerous gases. The miners also ruin the surroundings due to the geological dislocation which is carried out in the extraction of the mineral.

During the combustion of coal, there is production of carbon (IV) oxide gas which is a greenhouse gas and majorly affects the environment through the greenhouse effect impacting the global climate negatively. Even though the emissions from coal plants can be refined to reduce the emissions gases such as sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen oxides, no procedure that has ever been designed to reduce emission of carbon (IV) oxide from the combustion of coal.

Question 2

Fixed bed gasifier

The fixed bed gasifier is the earliest method of gasification that was developed using a countercurrent fixed bed gasifier. The bed is not actually fixed but it actually moves by gravity flow, as the burnt ash is withdrawn from the system. The steam and air are launched at the bottom and travel upward through the bed of coal. The coal is introduced at the top and travels downwards to counteract the gas flow. The flow of the hot gases up from the combustion zone preheats the coal which results to heat economy.

The Burr/Hamilton Duel – A Question of Honor or Politics

Student’ Name:

Institution:

Date:

The Burr/Hamilton Duel – A Question of Honor or Politics

Political temperatures in America have hit all time high with the event that has left many baffled! Alexander Hamilton is dead. He died from the gunshot wound sustained in his duel with Aaron Burr.

A rivalry that has spanned many years has had an ending none of us expected. Hamilton and Burr have had different political ideologies since their entrance into politics. With Burr being a staunch Democratic-Republican, Hamilton on the other hand was a Federalist. Their differences were first evidenced on the 1800elections when Hamilton prevailed upon the House of Representatives to have Jefferson named as president and Burr as vice-president besides the two garnering the same votes.

It did not end there as Hamilton once again campaigned against Burr in the run for the New York governor’s seat. Morgan Lewis won, thus infuriating Burr the more. Alexander Hamilton worsened the already bad situation by talking ill of Burr at a dinner party. In infuriated Burr demanded an apology from Hamilton without any success.

Letters were exchanged between the two but none would budge. Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton was hesitant, with his son having lost his life in a duel two years earlier. However, the expectation to defend his honor as a gentleman compelled him to turn up for the challenge. On the early morning of July eleventh 1804, the two gentlemen converged at the Heights of Weehawken accompanied by their seconds to settle their scores.

It is alleged that Hamilton had vowed not to shoot at Burr. Whether this explains his missed shot no one knows. Burr on the other hand left nothing to chance and delivered a shot to Hamilton’s abdomen. An injured Hamilton passed on the following day at his physician’s home. This ended the life of the architect of the Federalists’ commercial politics.

Despite the angle of approach to the end result, it is clear that the two parties had differences running beyond their party affiliations. Politics might explain the current national mood, but the truth remains that the two were destined for divergent paths. The truth remains that the duel has left political voids that both parties will have a hard time filling.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Online, PBS. “Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr’s Duel .” American Experience. n.d. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande17.html (accessed October 25, 2014).

The Business and the Environment

Institution:

Student Name:

The Business and the Environment

The environment is defined as both biological and physical factors together with their chemical interactions which interfere with an organism whereby pollution is important. A business is required legally and ethically to take good care of the environment. An example of a legal responsibility is that all businesses are prohibited from emitting harmful wastes into the environment. This act is meant to protect the environment against the exposure to such harmful wastes that would interfere with the normal biological cycle. Another legal responsibility is that businesses that venture into agricultural practices are prohibited from using excessive chemicals into the soil that will kill the living organisms found in the soil. In terms of ethical issues, businesses are morally obliged to increase awareness of the importance of taking care of the environment and ways through which this can be done. In addition, ethically speaking that is, business organize tree planting campaigns to increase the area of land covered by trees. Trees are very important aspects of the environment as they prevent soil erosion, get rid of carbon (iv) oxide from the atmosphere and attract rain just to mention a few.

Environmental legislation is important in the governance of a state. Both industry groups and governments have an important role to play in imposing laws that sensitize the public on the impacts of the activities of the industry. In Australia, there has been enactment of energy efficiency opportunity programs. (Australia, 2013) this program requires that those indusstries that use large amounts of energy should make it a busines policy to identify, evaluate and then publicly report about the various options that exist that can be used to save energy. The program has benn made mandatory to those businesses that use at least 0.5 petajoules of energy per annum. Small business are nonetheless required to participate too

Firms should invest money in sustainability efforts. Sustainability is vital as it ensure that we presently have and will in the future still have a good environment, human health, water, and other resources that are important in enhancing survival of the human race. The environmental, social and economic consequences due to rapid growth of the population and uncontrolled consumption of the publicly owned natural resources has brought about the issue of sustainability. Firms should therefore take it upon themselves to make an initiative to progress sustainability efforts. The stakeholders involved are the staff members of a firm, the shareholders also known as the owners of the firm, the customers and the general public both directly or indirectly affected by the activitioes of the firm.

References:

Baron, D. P. (2003). Business and its Environment (p. 2). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2001). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment (pp. 32-37). Harvard Business school press.

Fries, S., Lysenko, T., & Polanec, S. (2003). The 2002 business environment and enterprise performance survey: results from a survey of 6,100 firms (No. 84).

Name

Lecture

Course

Date

The Business Community Promotional Plan

In line with the California Business Education Association’s mission of fostering excellence in business disciplines, this promotional plan has been designed for the Business Community within the state. The promotion will therefore target all the business set-ups within the stated area and will mostly rely on the available associations and alliances existing for effectiveness.

Plan Objectives

To reach to the extensive business community within California in order to inform them of the existence, significance and value of CBEA

To highlight the importance of collaboration between the business community with business educators for professionalism and excellence of businesses

To help increase enrollment of business set ups to the association by over 50% within the first two weeks of promotion

Main message

In line with the stated objectives, the promotion intends to inform the business community on the importance of business education and partnerships with the business educators.

Promotional techniques

Given that the target market segment has been established, there are various techniques that will be deployed to ensure a wide reach. First, there will be a two week door to door campaign to select high commercial areas to reach to the business community. Flyers and billboards will be mainly used this two week promotional campaign. In addition, seminars will also be organized for the business community regarding professionalism through business education. In addition, advertisements will be placed on the local dailies and business magazines.

Evaluation

Success of this promotional activity will be evaluated on a weekly basis to establish the challenges faced. As a result, there will be improvements and adjustments to maximize performance. The target set is to register about 200 more businesses within the promotional budget of $150,000 within the one month promotion schedule.