Category: Uncategorized

The Burakumin: Japanese Outcasts

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Racism and discrimination is a common, but not accepted, practice in most societies. The thing that makes the discrimination of the Japanese Burakumin so different is the fact that they are racially the same as all other Japanese. Discrimination of Burakumin has been going on for centuries.

In feudal Japan, there was a cast system that was formed. There was the emperor, the feudal lords, samurais, farmers, artisans, merchants and a group called hinin. Hinin usually had dirty jobs like cleaning toilets or leather craft. Beneath this group were the Burakumin. A portion of historians believe that early Burakumin were most likely native Japanese tribesmen that were defeated during warfare and forces into slavery. The modern Burakumin are descendents of gravediggers, executioners, and animal slaughterers and of people who had other “dirty” jobs. They are excluded from normal social activity because of Buddhist law, which states people who killed and ate meat were impure. Today, the Burakumin make up about 2.5% of Japan’s population.

Officially, law has done with the Burakumin class away. However, people are still discriminated against for being a descendent of this original class.

To this day, the segregation continues. This segregation led to the construction of numerous communities to house Burakumin. Most maps of Japan do not show these communities. The people who lived in these settlements were referred to as Hinin (non-people) or Burakumin. They were not allowed to converse with the rest of Japanese citizens. In fact, as recent as fifty years ago, Burakumin had to wear a leather patch so people would know they were Burakumin.

The Burakumin were not allowed to marry a regular Japanese citizen. It was strictly forbidden. The following is an example of what would happen to someone who married a Burakumin woman—“My parents said I could not have any relationship with them. I have two sons ages nine and eleven. My father met the first one once when he was a baby, and the second time a few months ago by accident at the hospital when we were visiting my grandmother” (Daily). The families only lived miles apart for ten years but never talked. Even after his wife died of cancer, his father still would not talk to him. The embarrassment of having Burakumin grandchildren was too much to handle. If one were to come into contact with a Burakumin, they would have to see a Buddhist priest to be cleansed of their impurity. Burakumin had no given surnames; instead they were given a number. Burakumin were not allowed to eat, drink, or smoke near a non-Burakumin. They also suffer from medical ailments more than the average Japanese citizen. This is due to bad medical care. Many Burakumins have low-paying jobs with no insurance. They suffer from tuberculosis and trachoma at a higher than average rate.

Japanese citizens would not even touch something that a Burakumin had touched. For instance, if someone known to be Burakumin tried to buy food the storekeeper would most likely wear gloves rather than touch the money given to him by a Burakumin. Another example of this discrimination is when a fire would start in a Burakumin ghetto; neighbors would discuss how the fire had a tremendous stench. Most likely, the Burakumin house fires would be the last to be put out. In present day Japan, Burakumin work with non-Burakumin and most workers do not know the Burakumin, but management does know. They have private investigators to track addresses of potential employees. If they are found to have Burakumin residences, they will either not be hired or start off 5%-10% less than non-Burakumin employees. Burakumin are seen as uneducated and dirty even though they are racially identical to non-Burakumin. “Only 10.6% of Burakumin were reported to be employed in enterprises of over 300 employees, well below the national average of 23.3%” (Somucho 20).

Most of Japan’s large companies have Burakumin files-a list that shows all of the Burakumin slums in their area. When companies renew applications for employment, they hire private investigators to look for Burakumin addresses. In turn, the Burakumin applicants are not called in for interviews. Most companies simply throw the application in the trash.

Kiryu is home to the largest Burakumin ghettos; it has about ninety of them. There, numerous Burakumin live outside of the slums and meticulous methods are used to disguise their Burakumin backgrounds. Since Japanese firms keep records of Burakumin residences, the Burakumin will move frequently so they get lost in the system. They hope that their background will be hidden.

For over one hundred years, sporadic uprisings have occurred. The first of these started in the early 1870’s. It was very unorganized and only involved a few local people. In 1903 another movement took place. Instead of uprising, they organized a group, somewhat of a lobbyist group. This was for the most part unsuccessful. There have always been some politicians that support the Burakumin. Some of them come from Burakumin backgrounds and were able to break the cycle of poverty and illiteracy. By 1920, political movements for the Burakumin had developed into a few ideological groups, partly because of the spread of Marxism. Some of the groups were communist, anarchists and revisionists.

The progression of Japanese military power in the 1940’s pushed these groups into obscurity fearing repercussions from the government. In 1947 numerous Burakumin were elected to the House of Representatives.

After the war, the United States helped the Burakumin with land reforms. They helped out into place a program that allowed the Burakumin to purchase land they had farmed for years. Although Americans helped them for the most part, the Burakumin are anti-American. The Burakumin Liberation League constantly lobbies the government in hopes of upgrading their Burakumin status. They also hope the government will do something about the Burakumin ghettos. But for the most part, Buddhist monks and other religious leaders are the only ones that are dedicated to help their plight.

The Japanese government had invented its own version of racism. Instead of based on racial differences, it is based on impurity. Japan’s version of racism is deeply rooted in tradition and the fear of being polluted or contaminated. One of the worst fears for a parent is for his or her son or daughter to marry a Burakumin. Racism is also prevalent against the indigenous people of Japan, the Ainu.

Many Japanese like to believe that Burakumin do not exist. They deny knowing anything about them or say that discrimination had ended about fifty years ago. Discussing Burakumin is unacceptable. Dictionaries do not even have the definition for Burakumin and the media never talks about them, even when the Burakumin Liberation League (BLL) is holding a rally. The BLL is a major group that tries to influence the government for reforms. Think of it as a lobbyist group. But the government has tried to covertly pass anti-Burakumin rights laws. These anti-Burakumin laws are unconstitutional. S. Uesigi who is an independent researcher states, “Minister Murayama, following the advice of his ministry of justice, arguing that it’s ratification would conflict with the constitutionally guaranteed freedoms of speech and publication” (Uesugi 6). The Asia Pacific Human Rights League is a new organization for the liberation of the Burakumin. “It aspires to provide information to the Asian public about racism. It aims to be the precursor of some kind of formal human rights organization that will operate within the Asian Pacific to promote human rights” (Hurights 9). For the most part the position of the Burakumin has gotten much better over the years. The rise of political organizations such as the Burakumin Liberation League has helped the Burakumin to break the cycle of poverty, But there is still along way to go.

Bibliography:

Daily Telegraph. 24 May 1994.

Hurights Osaka. “What Will Hurights Osaka Do?”. Hurights Osaka Newsletter. Osaka.

(1995): 1.

Somucho. Outline of the Results of the 1993 Surveys to Assess Conditions in the Dowa

Areas. Tokyo. 1995.

Uesugi, S. “Thirty Years after the Deliberative Council Report and Buraku Liberation”. Human

Rights 85 (1995): 2-7.

Gasification

Course code/name:

Professor:

University:

City/state:

Date:

Question 1

The burning of coal as a source of fuel has adverse environmental effects that make the process of gasification desirable. The burning of coal release a gas called sulphur (IV) Oxide. When it is released in the atmosphere it reacts with oxygen to become sulphuric acid. There are adverse ecological damages when the acid is released to the environment as “acid rain” which is combination rainwater and the sulphuric acid. Acid rain destroys vegetation and the drainage pollutes the water sources which is an enormous ecological threat.

Coal mining poses a threat to miners because the extraction of the mineral is intrinsically harmful. It also presents health risks to miners due to the emission of coal dust and dangerous gases. The miners also ruin the surroundings due to the geological dislocation which is carried out in the extraction of the mineral.

During the combustion of coal, there is production of carbon (IV) oxide gas which is a greenhouse gas and majorly affects the environment through the greenhouse effect impacting the global climate negatively. Even though the emissions from coal plants can be refined to reduce the emissions gases such as sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen oxides, no procedure that has ever been designed to reduce emission of carbon (IV) oxide from the combustion of coal.

Question 2

Fixed bed gasifier

The fixed bed gasifier is the earliest method of gasification that was developed using a countercurrent fixed bed gasifier. The bed is not actually fixed but it actually moves by gravity flow, as the burnt ash is withdrawn from the system. The steam and air are launched at the bottom and travel upward through the bed of coal. The coal is introduced at the top and travels downwards to counteract the gas flow. The flow of the hot gases up from the combustion zone preheats the coal which results to heat economy.

The Burr/Hamilton Duel – A Question of Honor or Politics

Student’ Name:

Institution:

Date:

The Burr/Hamilton Duel – A Question of Honor or Politics

Political temperatures in America have hit all time high with the event that has left many baffled! Alexander Hamilton is dead. He died from the gunshot wound sustained in his duel with Aaron Burr.

A rivalry that has spanned many years has had an ending none of us expected. Hamilton and Burr have had different political ideologies since their entrance into politics. With Burr being a staunch Democratic-Republican, Hamilton on the other hand was a Federalist. Their differences were first evidenced on the 1800elections when Hamilton prevailed upon the House of Representatives to have Jefferson named as president and Burr as vice-president besides the two garnering the same votes.

It did not end there as Hamilton once again campaigned against Burr in the run for the New York governor’s seat. Morgan Lewis won, thus infuriating Burr the more. Alexander Hamilton worsened the already bad situation by talking ill of Burr at a dinner party. In infuriated Burr demanded an apology from Hamilton without any success.

Letters were exchanged between the two but none would budge. Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton was hesitant, with his son having lost his life in a duel two years earlier. However, the expectation to defend his honor as a gentleman compelled him to turn up for the challenge. On the early morning of July eleventh 1804, the two gentlemen converged at the Heights of Weehawken accompanied by their seconds to settle their scores.

It is alleged that Hamilton had vowed not to shoot at Burr. Whether this explains his missed shot no one knows. Burr on the other hand left nothing to chance and delivered a shot to Hamilton’s abdomen. An injured Hamilton passed on the following day at his physician’s home. This ended the life of the architect of the Federalists’ commercial politics.

Despite the angle of approach to the end result, it is clear that the two parties had differences running beyond their party affiliations. Politics might explain the current national mood, but the truth remains that the two were destined for divergent paths. The truth remains that the duel has left political voids that both parties will have a hard time filling.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Online, PBS. “Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr’s Duel .” American Experience. n.d. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande17.html (accessed October 25, 2014).

The Business and the Environment

Institution:

Student Name:

The Business and the Environment

The environment is defined as both biological and physical factors together with their chemical interactions which interfere with an organism whereby pollution is important. A business is required legally and ethically to take good care of the environment. An example of a legal responsibility is that all businesses are prohibited from emitting harmful wastes into the environment. This act is meant to protect the environment against the exposure to such harmful wastes that would interfere with the normal biological cycle. Another legal responsibility is that businesses that venture into agricultural practices are prohibited from using excessive chemicals into the soil that will kill the living organisms found in the soil. In terms of ethical issues, businesses are morally obliged to increase awareness of the importance of taking care of the environment and ways through which this can be done. In addition, ethically speaking that is, business organize tree planting campaigns to increase the area of land covered by trees. Trees are very important aspects of the environment as they prevent soil erosion, get rid of carbon (iv) oxide from the atmosphere and attract rain just to mention a few.

Environmental legislation is important in the governance of a state. Both industry groups and governments have an important role to play in imposing laws that sensitize the public on the impacts of the activities of the industry. In Australia, there has been enactment of energy efficiency opportunity programs. (Australia, 2013) this program requires that those indusstries that use large amounts of energy should make it a busines policy to identify, evaluate and then publicly report about the various options that exist that can be used to save energy. The program has benn made mandatory to those businesses that use at least 0.5 petajoules of energy per annum. Small business are nonetheless required to participate too

Firms should invest money in sustainability efforts. Sustainability is vital as it ensure that we presently have and will in the future still have a good environment, human health, water, and other resources that are important in enhancing survival of the human race. The environmental, social and economic consequences due to rapid growth of the population and uncontrolled consumption of the publicly owned natural resources has brought about the issue of sustainability. Firms should therefore take it upon themselves to make an initiative to progress sustainability efforts. The stakeholders involved are the staff members of a firm, the shareholders also known as the owners of the firm, the customers and the general public both directly or indirectly affected by the activitioes of the firm.

References:

Baron, D. P. (2003). Business and its Environment (p. 2). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2001). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment (pp. 32-37). Harvard Business school press.

Fries, S., Lysenko, T., & Polanec, S. (2003). The 2002 business environment and enterprise performance survey: results from a survey of 6,100 firms (No. 84).

Name

Lecture

Course

Date

The Business Community Promotional Plan

In line with the California Business Education Association’s mission of fostering excellence in business disciplines, this promotional plan has been designed for the Business Community within the state. The promotion will therefore target all the business set-ups within the stated area and will mostly rely on the available associations and alliances existing for effectiveness.

Plan Objectives

To reach to the extensive business community within California in order to inform them of the existence, significance and value of CBEA

To highlight the importance of collaboration between the business community with business educators for professionalism and excellence of businesses

To help increase enrollment of business set ups to the association by over 50% within the first two weeks of promotion

Main message

In line with the stated objectives, the promotion intends to inform the business community on the importance of business education and partnerships with the business educators.

Promotional techniques

Given that the target market segment has been established, there are various techniques that will be deployed to ensure a wide reach. First, there will be a two week door to door campaign to select high commercial areas to reach to the business community. Flyers and billboards will be mainly used this two week promotional campaign. In addition, seminars will also be organized for the business community regarding professionalism through business education. In addition, advertisements will be placed on the local dailies and business magazines.

Evaluation

Success of this promotional activity will be evaluated on a weekly basis to establish the challenges faced. As a result, there will be improvements and adjustments to maximize performance. The target set is to register about 200 more businesses within the promotional budget of $150,000 within the one month promotion schedule.

The Business Process the Management of ABC Organization Is Looking At Implementing A SAP Solution

Name

Title of Course

Instructor’s Name

Date

Letter of Transmittal

October 20, 2011

Management

ABC Organization

300 Super Street

Chicago, 23435

To whomever it may concern,

Following the previous discussions that were held in the company, we are pleased to present the business process for the implementation of the SAP program for the ABC organization. As mentioned in the discussion, the company is looking to implement a SAP solution for the organization as part of the restructuring program the management is planning. The company needed the services of a firm that is well capable of implementing this solution knowing the numerous limitations and challenges involved with the process. We think that in our firm you will find the best services in the market as we have indispensable experience and skills for implementing these kinds of solutions. We have implemented and planned numerous implementation processes for SAP which was extremely successful. Our clients have been pleased with our work for long and we feel that we will please you as much.

Our implementation process includes the study and analysis of the prior solutions that an organization has been using so as to come up with enough information that will enable us to integrate the new SAP program with the old programs. Our prices are also fair and reasonable for the services so we are sure that your organization will get its money’s worth. We implement these solutions in the shortest time possible; therefore, your organization’s processes will not be interfered with for unnecessarily long periods.

If you have any questions or concerns we would be more than pleased to address them and discuss them with you at your convenience. We are pleased to be doing business with you.

Sincerely,

Niteroi Banks for SAPQuick

Table of contents

Letter of transmittal ………………………………………………………………………………….2

Executive summary ………………………………………………………………………………….4

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….4

Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………5

SAP migration and integration ……………………………………………………………………….6

Information bottleneck and SAP……………………………………………………………………..7

Cost variances description ……………………………………………………………………………8

Identification of costs ………………………………………………………………………………..8

Standard and actual cost ……………………………………………………………………………..9

Paper based systems…………………………………………………………………………………..9

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………11

Executive Summary

The management of ABC organization is seeking to implement a SAP solution as part of their restructuring of the management of the organization’s business process. The organization’s management feels that it has to secure the services of a firm that is capable enough to help with the implementation because of the numerous challenges associated with mapping the current business processes of the organization to the SAP systems. Moreover, the organization is being faced with a number of challenges that it has to address before going on with the implementation of the system.

The current system the organization uses is based on services that are centralized where all of the organization’s processing is done on an IT infrastructure that is central. Most of the systems that the company uses do not conform to the usual standard SAP systems used outside organization because most of the systems the organization uses were built and designed in house. Some of the challenges are; how the SAP solution can access services and information that have not been implemented within its framework; how the implementation can be used to deal with the bottlenecks for processing information; and the costs associated with the production processes.

Introduction

In the current challenging business conditions, the most successful and best- run companies stay focused on the their assets that are most valuable, and that is their clients. Most of the companies, now, more than ever, are seeking to retain their best clients and in maximizing the effectiveness of each and every interaction with the customers- whether it is in sales, marketing or even service. One way to manage this is through the use and implementation of a SAP application or solution which is enterprise resource planning software that is integrated and targets requirements of a business software of large and medium sized organizations (Burleson 1999).

The solution usually is composed of a number of modules like field service, utilities for sales and marketing, product development and design, inventory and production control, accounting and finance and human resources. The application collects and then sorts and combines data and information derived from different sets of modules to give an organization different resource planning enterprises. The application also imposes on a company numerous benefits. For example it allows for easier international integration through automatically bridging barriers of language currency exchange rates and culture. It also only needs to be updated once for it to be used by the entire organization (Krumbholz and Maiden 2001).

The application also decreases the chances of redundancy errors occurring and it also provides an organization with real- time data and information. SAP creates for an organization, a work environment that is more efficient for workers, and it also imposes on vendors, past expertise and knowledge on how best create and implement the system. Additionally, the application helps an organization decrease its costs and increase its abilities of decision making, in addition to helping it attain capabilities that are differentiated in order for it to effectively compete over a long period of time. The application has been indicated to have been useful in helping numerous companies and organizations to attain excellence in all facets of relating with customers (Balasingham 2009).

Limitations

Although the implementation of a SAP application can have numerous benefits for an organization, there are also many limitations or disadvantages associated with the solution. For example, the implementation process and training costs associated with the application is expensive (Vance 2003). Also, many organizations face challenges when implementing the application some of which include failure to specify the operation goals and objectives of the application, absence of a commitment that is strong enough or a change approach that is positive, failure to deal with the differences in an organization, failure to plan the changes to the applications appropriately, and insufficient testing. All these challenges can mean the difference between having an unsuccessful implementation of the software or a successful one. However, if an organization manages to have its application implemented properly, it can go from its old slow and inefficient system to a software package that is fully integrated (Malhorta and Temponi 2010).

SAP Migration and Integration

During the implementation of the SAP software, one can perform a migration of two kinds of data; activities and business partners. The migration of data is usually based on the conversion of data stored in XML format to structures of ABAP Dictionary. Therefore, the user list data, which is usually e- mail relevant, and the data relevant to business partners is transferred to the ABAP tables CRMD_MBA_MSGSTOR from the Java table MBMANDTSTORE. There are three main activities involved in transferring data and these include the migration, the downloading of the objects for customizing and the monitoring of the migration. In executing the data migration, one should access transaction option, migrate, in the SAP system and specify which migration parameters are going to be used (Leimbach 2008).

If one wants to migrate or transfer activities, they should select the checkbox called userlist; otherwise it would not be possible to synchronize the activities using the server. One can either transfer all of the activities or only the activities found within a defined time or period. If the organization plans to utilize workforce management for resource planning and for synchronizing tasks and dates with groupware, they can also perform migration. To achieve this, one should select the checkbox labeled workforce management. If one prefers the contents of the MBMANDSTORE table to be erased after the migration has been performed, they should select the checkbox labeled Delete Java store. After the migration has been executed, the ISPCFG table (which can be seen in the SM30 transaction) is filled automatically with the needed entries for the ABAP MapBox. One should check that the X value was assigned automatically to the CRM_MAPBOX parameter to activate the ABAP MapBox (Yusuf, Gunasekaran and Abthorpe 2004).

After the data migration has been executed, one must do an initial load for every one of the customizing objects. To be able to perform this task, one must access R3AS transaction and enter the option GWA*as the object for loading. Further, the CRM option should be entered as the site of source and the destination site that is relevant with Groupware Adapter as the site type. One can monitor the migration of data and display the log of application after the migration has been executed. To accomplish this, the Display Logs option should be chosen from the toolbar. CMW_MBX_MIGR is the analysis object for data migration. If one wants to only display the application log part, they must limit their search, by specifying, for example, a subject like ACTIVITY, USERLIST or BUPA (Yusuf, Gunasekaran and Abthorpe 2004).

Information Bottleneck and SAP

It has been indicated that SAP Interactive Forms can be used to significantly decrease the chance of bottlenecks occurring in the process of receiving goods. This is because these new forms can be automatically distributed in times when an activity is due or expected, increasing or making it possible for one to obtain greater efficiency. In addition, there are also interfaces that are more engaging that are available for those organizations that do not utilize the SAP software. When combined with other applications such as the Arch FLM, the SAP software can be used by an organization to provide it with an infrastructure that is robust for reporting, as well as, tracking the forms of the application that the organization has in circulation. This in turn, offers the organization a greater or increased transparency into process bottlenecks. The date of delivery is accurate, as well as, self- policing. An organization, therefore, can have a better view of their customers, what they are ordering, what their purchases are, and when the customers should expect their goods to be delivered. As it follows, vendors also receive their correct and punctual payments (Francalanci 2001).

The successful implementation and management of the SAP application is performed for the minimal information bottleneck therefore, SAP performance management is a proactive approach used for monitoring and managing the performance of the collective and individual subsystems that make- up the SAP solution, OS hardware, application and database together with the 3rd party bolt- on systems that, together, solve the challenges a business is experiencing. As it follows, a performance management system for the SAP solution assists an organization in pointing out the performance bottlenecks that are pending, helping to justify to what extent and when an investment is needed to keep at bay problems that derail performance of the solution (Yusuf, Gunasekaran and Abthorpe 2004).

Cost Variances Description

Cost or price variance is the difference between the actual cost of production and the associated estimated or budgeted cost. It is a metric used for indicating the performance of costs that can be drawn from earned value data. It can be derived by subtracting earned value from actual cost. When one gets a value that is positive, it is an indication that favorable conditions are available; on the other hand, a negative value indicates the presence of conditions that are unfavorable. Positive cost variances indicate that projects have been completed under budget, while negative values indicate potential overruns in the contract (Maskell and Baggaley 2003).

Identification of Costs

Costs in business may include revenue and capital costs, indirect and direct costs in addition to variable and fixed costs. The identification of these costs, therefore, is a critical aspect of numerous businesses and is needed for business owners to understand and set pricing and product structures. Costs associated with businesses can be divided into three main categories. These include revenue and capital costs, indirect and direct costs and variable and fixed costs. Capital costs are those costs associated with expenses resulting from the purchase of either capital or permanent capital resources. Revenue costs on the other hand, are those costs that are necessary for the daily running of a business or organization. Those daily costs related to running organizations usually come under the indirect and direct costs category in most financial management processes. The direct costs are those involved with the production of goods and services directly while the indirect costs are those associated with the support of the product service. Fixed costs are those costs that remain constant while variable costs are those costs which vary constantly according to production levels (Kaplan and Bruns 1987).

Standard and Actual Costs

Accurate costing gives the management of an organization the opportunity to understand the costs of products, provide decision making that is based on facts regarding the profitability of a product and the ability to ultimately decrease expenses of a business, thus increasing its profitability. Standard costing is the kind of costing that depends on the business setting a cost for a product that does not alter or remains constant until the business changes it by setting another standard. Actual costing on the other hand means that the system will utilize the actual costs of transaction for inventory valuing. Actual costing is much less forgiving that standard costing for mistakes related to timing on the part of the users (Maher and Rahan 2005).

Paper Based Systems

Paper based quality management applications are commonly used in medium sized companies. While it is possible for this system to be successful in managing the quality of products and processes, they have been indicated to increase the risk of non- compliance of cGMP significantly in organizations that are regulated by FDA. The system also limits the ability of a manufacturer to implement continuous initiatives for improvement. Such systems have also been indicated to act as bottleneck for those organizations experiencing rapid growth. However, these challenges in a company can be eliminated with the use of the newer and faster applications such as the SAP software which reduces or eliminates all- together, such challenges as bottleneck (Ehrlenspiel, Kiewert and Lindemann 2007).

Conclusion/ recommendations

As it has been seen, the SAP application can be extremely beneficial for a company in a number of ways. For example it allows for easier international integration through automatically bridging barriers of language currency exchange rates and culture. It also only needs to be updated once for it to be used by the entire organization. The application also decreases the chances of redundancy errors occurring and it also provides an organization with real- time data and information. As it follows, it would be advisable for an organization to utilize the SAP application rather than utilizing the traditional paper based system.

References

Balasingham, J 2009, ‘Management challenges for emerging networks and services’, in: International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops, ICUMT 2009.

 Burleson, D 1999, Oracle SAP Administration, O’Reilly, New York.

Ehrlenspiel, K, Kiewert, A and Lindemann, U 2007, ‘Early Identification of Costs during Product Development- Development- Concurrent Cost Calculations’, in Cost- Efficient Design, Springer, New York.

Francalanci, C 2001, ‘predicting the implementation effort of ERP projects: empirical evidence on SAP/R3’, Journal of information technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 33–48.

Kaplan, R and Bruns, W 1987, Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective, Harvard Business School Press, New York.  

Krumbholz, M and Maiden, N 2001, ‘The implementation of enterprise resource planning packages in different organizational and national cultures’, Information systems, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.185–204.

Leimbach, Y 2008, ‘the SAP Story: Evolution of SAP within the German Software Industry’, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 30, no. 4.

Maher, L and Rahan, G 2005, Fundamentals of Cost Accounting, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Maskell, N and Baggaley, B 2003, Practical Lean Accounting, Productivity Press, New York.

Malhorta, A and Temponi, C 2010, ‘Critical decisions for ERP integration: Small business issues’, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 30, no.1.

Vance, A 2003, SAP costs too much – customers ROI challenged, The Register, UK. 

Yusuf, Y, Gunasekaran, A and Abthorpe, M 2004, ‘Enterprise information systems project implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce’, International journal of production economics, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 251–266.

Question 1:

The bystander effect is a phenomenon where the higher the number of people present, the lower the chance that they are willing to help another individual in distress. In an emergency situation, observers will most likely take action where there are fewer or no witnesses present. When people are a part of a large crowd, usually no single individual takes responsibility for actions or inactions. For example, if an emergency happens in a less populated beach, passers by are more likely to help because they expect no one else to take responsibility. If a man faints in a deserted street, a witness is willing to help even by just calling emergency response units. However, if the same was to happen in a crowded area, people are likely to just watch while taking no action. Therefore, the bystander effect is an inhibiting influence brought about by the presence of other people on an individual’s willingness to help others in need. Even in emergency situations, a bystander would not extend help when there is imagined or real presence of others compared to when alone or in a less crowded situation. Serious consequences in such a situation may include the loss of life due to inaction or inappropriate response, feelings of guilt for not helping, and the formation of a culture of diffusion of responsibility. For example, people always seem to stay away from other people’s business even when it means not intervening in an emergency.

Question 2:

Informed concept is defined as the provision of permission by human participants prior to being a part of a program, a treatment exercise, or a research study. When a participant provides informed consent, it means that it is an indication that they are fully aware of the conditions of their participation, including understanding issues relating to voluntary involvement and the possible risks, outcomes, or benefits associated to the said participation. As a result, having informed consent not only works to ensure that participants understand the process and nature of the services offered, but also the policies that are therein in terms of confidentiality, practice, and payment. It is a building block of generating a collaborative and trusting process. The implications of informed consent in social psychological research is that psychologists must operate with the full knowledge of the participants. It means that all research partakers are aware of the process, their responsibilities, the benefits, the possible risks, the outcomes, their involvement, the basis of their presence, and what their rights are in terms of getting information, sharing it, and the same for the entire process. Informed consent allows research to be based on an ethical foundation. The intent of informed consent is that people can participate freely with full information relating to what it means to partake and are aware of what is required of them at all times.

Question 3:

Lab experiment method involves the manipulation of one variable in social psychology in an attempt to determine if any changes in the variable lead to a change in another. The method is dependent on a controlled approach to test hypothesis. In this approach, researchers decide on the location of the experiment, the time, the participants, and the circumstances and standardized procedures to use. The advantage of this method is that accurate measurements are easier to attain. It is also easier to replicate because of the use of standardized processes. It also enables precise control of independent and extraneous variables to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. However, artificial settings often produce unnatural behavior that is not reflective of real life. For example, participants in a controlled environment will often act differently compared to when they are in real life settings. It leads to low ecological validity. Another limitation is that experiment effects and demand characteristics may create bias on the results and create confounding variables.

In the correlational research method in social psychology, a non-experimental approach is taken. In this approach, the relationship between variables with the aid of statistical analysis is studied. In correlational research, the effects of extraneous variables do not occur on the variables being studied. For example, social psychologists may conduct a correlational evaluation looking for the connection between video games and aggressive behavior in young men. The process may involve conducting surveys, compiling previous studies, direct observations, and statistical analysis of different variables at given timeframes. The advantages of this approach is that no variable undergoes manipulation. It is also important that two different data collection strategies are used in the approach. The results from such a method are more applicable to real life. It provides a beneficial starting point for research. However, it only uncovers relationships and fails to uncover what variable has more influence, and is very time consuming.

American History

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Course Instructor

DateThe California gold was discovered by James Marshall, a carpenter at Sutter’s Mill in the Sacramento Valley prompting miners from China, Australia and Europe. This was after the Mexican war that saw America ending up with Texas, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and California. The wave of 49ers who were fortune seekers came from all over the world and greatly influenced the economy and social life of California and America at large. Although a few of the 49ers made fortune out of the gold, some of them found other means of living particularly after the gold became scarce (Lewis, 2010).

Discovery of gold in California and Nevada drew thousands of miners to join the Gold Rush and the mining equipment was moved from one location to the other. It was one of the greatest adventures in human history that contributed to the development of California. The Gold Rush largely improved America in terms of trade, shipping and communications such as railroad lines built to the Pacific Coast ( Lewis, 2010). Additionally, the event changed the culture of America particularly the faster settling of the west that sealed the doom of the Indians west of the Mississippi. The diversity of young intelligent men from around the world brought in different ways of gold mining.

I chose the 1849 Gold Rush because of its association with the development of both California and America. The Gold Rush has brought in new ideas and cultural change that has greatly influenced America. Having toured California and the gold mining site, I felt that 1849 Gold Rush was alive and worth talking about.

Compromise of 1850

The compromise included a series of bills passed to address slavery issues where the slavery matters were to be decided by popular sovereignty in admitting the new states. Moreover, the bills prohibited slave trade in Columbia settled a Texas boundary dispute as well as establishing a strict fugitive slave trade. By 1950, many slavery disagreement issues tainted the relationship between the Northerners and the Southerners. There were tensions whether the newly acquired western land after the Mexican War would allow slavery. The Congress further passed Fugitive Slave Law that decreased the number of slaves escaping to the North annually but the North was unhappy with the law (Stegmaier, 2012).

Compromise of 1850 was very significant in the American history since it contributed to the Civil War. The Southern and Northern politics were heightened during this place and the compromise seemed to undermine a divided nation on the slavery issue. Slavery was a serious issue in America and addressing it was very sensitive in congress. The Compromise of 1850 showed how concerned some legislators were in addressing the plight of the slaves. It further showed how southerners strongly defended the issue of slavery. It attempted to settle the slavery question though it allowed the slaves to work for the South although it prohibited slave trade in Washington DC (Stegmaier, 2012).

The Compromise of 1850 played a significant role in heightening the tension between the Southerners and the Northerners that finally contributed to the Civil War particularly the introduction of the Fugitive Slave Act. The north was not impressed and they had to stop the act and they felt that the slaves should be returned to their rightful owners who escaped from the Underground Railroad. The south wanted to have the slaves back but they had to prove that they were the rightful owners because lack of evidence would lead to freeing of the slaves. This agreement was either temporal because the South later wanted to separate from the North. Crisis continued to pile due to the increased level of dissatisfaction that prompted anger that turned to rage and rage to violence. Southerners were always alert to protect their peculiar institutions even after the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the struggles that followed over the bleeding Kansas where the group began to shoot.

However, Compromise of 1850 rather delayed the civil war by trying to create peace between the two factions. It succeeded in accomplishing its intentions at that particular moment of holding the union together even though it was a temporary solution. The Compromise of 1850 led to more other bills such as the Kansas-Nebraska act although this was largely disliked and it led to violence in Kansas. However, it delayed the Civil War by delaying the splitting of the biggest Union that was hugely feared by Americans (Stegmaier, 2012).

The Compromise of 1850 is very significant today in referring to the developments of the Civil War. It reminds Americans on the seriousness of the slavery in America and the division that was not only based on political parties but on the slavery issues in the Congress. The Compromise of 1850 is an evident of the role the political class can help in saving a situation such as tension between regions, both locally and internationally. It reminds Americans on the compromises people can always arrive into to create peace.

References

Lewis, F. (2010). Gold rush, 1847-1850. S.l.: Xlibris Corp.Stegmaier, M. J. (2012). Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary dispute and sectional crisis. Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech University Press.

Student’s name

Lecturer’s name

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Date

The Biasness of the Healthcare System during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The covid-19 pandemic shook the world when it first hit in 2019. It proved to be more than a health crisis as it disturbed all country sectors and the global economy. The pandemic also exposed some of the government’s weaknesses, especially the health department. The political cartoon represents how the healthcare system is biased against certain groups of people in the community, especially during the pandemic. It terms them as ‘underlying conditions.’ according to the cartoon, the most affected groups were the poor, black people and nursing home residents during the pandemic, yet the healthcare system downplayed it. The cartoon approaches the issue of biases in the health system using an interviewer interviewing a healthcare operator.

The cartoonist tries to create an emotional appeal by introducing a hospital bed and labeling the names of the disadvantaged groups on it. This picture is meant to capture the reader’s attention and persuade them to connect their emotions and relate to the discrimination that heightened during the pandemic against these groups of people. It stirs pity and empathy towards the poor, black people and nursing home residents. With logos, reason was achieved through the healthcare system trying to hide the unfairness that black people, the poor and the nursing home residents by generalizing the issue. The image depicts the social problem that has been in existence for a long time and was felt even more during the pandemic. In the picture, the healthcare uses the ‘underlying conditions’ to represent being poor, black or a nursing home resident, which is unfair and inconsiderate.

The Boomerang Kids

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Institution Affiliation:

The Boomerang Kids

Boomerang kids are those young adults still living in their parent’s home well into their late 20’s to early 30’s. This habit did not begin during “the great recession” contrary to what many people believe. Between the intervals of 1980 to 2008 the number of the boomerang kids increased exponentially. This period occurred before the “great recession” thereby invalidating the claims. Some of the reasons that favored the increase in number of the boomerang kids include a bad economy that has led to the reduction of number of jobs in the job market, high divorce rates that result in many children being raised by single parents, and cultures that allow parents to keep their children at home even in their early 30’s.

To begin with, the current state of economy is one with few jobs in the job market (Adams, 2012). During recession, consumers’ purchasing power reduces because they have less disposable income. Organizations are minimizing operational costs by cutting down on the number of employees to remain competitive. Fewer operational costs will translate to lower selling prices for their products. Some companies also suffer due to recession as their revenues reduce to a point where their operational costs are higher than their revenues; their net revenue is equal to zero. When there is no revenue being generated then it would make no sense for the business to continue to exist. They will shut down permanently and reduce the number of employment opportunities. Lack of employment opportunities will mean that the boomerang kids will not be able to sustain themselves when they leave their parent’s house.

Moreover, high rates of divorce have led to an increase in the population of the boomerang kids (Adams, 2012). When children are raised by single parents who make low income, they will not be able to access good quality of education. The current job market requires that for one to score a good job then they must have a good academic background. Rising cost of education makes education inaccessible as the single parents have to cater for other expenses such as medical and utility bills in the house as well. Some might even drop out of school due to financial issues and join their parents in making ends meet. They will earn minimum wages due to their current level of education and this won’t be enough for them to survive on their own. They will not move out of their parent’s house.

Some cultures promote and allow for boomerang kids to stay in their parent’s house (Fingerman & Furstenburg, 2012). Some kids grow up seeing their older siblings, neighbors or relatives living with their parents and assume that the world is okay with this. Some cultures, mostly the oriental cultures, encourage families to stay together as long as possible to promote unity and oneness in the family. Some parents who are raised in such cultures believe that they should stay with their kids as long as they are still alive. Such cultures will encourage the boomerang kids to extend their stay at their parent’s house. They will deem this as a right thing to do and will therefore not receive any nudge to move out and be independent.

In summary, a lot of factors encourage the boomerang kids to continue with their stay at their parent’s houses. Some of these factors include cultures that support the habit of kids prolonging their stay at their parent’s houses, financial constraints due to the state of the economy that disallows such kids to have the financial stability that they require to be independent, and some of them lack the right level of education to secure the jobs that will give them this financial stability. Parents should support their kids at all times but should not fail to encourage them to work hard so that they can be independent as well.

References

Adams, J. (2012, May 31). Why kids don’t leave home — it’s not (just) the economy. The HuffingtonPost . Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-adams/boomerang_b_1558793.html

Fingerman , K., & Furstenburg , F. (2012, May 30). You can go home again. The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/opinion/the