Category: Uncategorized

The Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra-Full Concert -08/10/08

Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course

Date

Optimism is set at the beginning as the audience applauds the orchestra band. At 1:35, some relaxing music is played with the band paying attention to the little details of the song. At 3:18, the band raises their orchestral intensity to achieve the song’s high peach; the band can control the uniformity of the instrument.4:20 allows the sophisticated nature of the song through the rising and falling of the pitch

6:33 Reveals a preamble of good music from the harmony of the instrumentals to the body coordination of the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra, the coordinator tries to bring the best out of the music as well.

9:14 A monologue of Leonard Bernstein is well played in remembrance of his great efforts towards music. The music plays out passionately, almost revealing the great aura of the music guru, a pianist, a conductor, and an achiever, to mention a few.

11:43 Fancy-free also played in remembrance. The rhythm is soothing, and the synchrony played passionately during the transition at 13:25 makes the music sweeter.

18:34 The band makes use of more instrumentals, and bands have an opportunity to make utterances. The change reminds the audience of the music of age and makes it more interesting to listen to.

21:25 A fancy-free Ballet: Variation III(Danzon) is clear, and the repetition enhances its rhythm. The band finishes strongly at the end.

29:24 The band outdoes itself, and their coordination makes music more interesting, especially while celebrating the country’s independence.

The focus on young talents and the growth of music prompted the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra to conduct auditions. Many people, especially in the Commonwealth, came forward with their applications revealing their love for music. A young girl selected during the auditions got a chance to showcase her prowess in the concert.

At 32: 35, the girl sings to the melody of stars and stripes. Her voice captures the attention of everyone in the room as she sang along the instrumentals beautifully.

The band completes their presentation, and the audience is happy with the presentation, especially the energy and good coordination of instrumentals.

References

The Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra – Full Concert – 08/10/08 – Martha’s Vineyard, MA (OFFICIAL). (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://youtu.be/O3XydxlocvA

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course

Date

The Biology of our best and Worst Selves

The Biology behind Murder and Violence

Human behaviors of violence, which sometimes lead to murder, are related to biological activities. Before an individual begins precise violence, the brain, in general, is always aware of everything. The amygdala is the only part of the human brain that is associated with human violence. The amygdala tends to interpret the environment within which an individual is in and then creates a perception that leads to fear and distinct reactions (“The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression – Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition”). The reactions that are due to the amygdala’s perception are the ones that lead to human violence. The frontal cortex plays a significant role in regulating the activities of the amygdala (Sapolsky). Individuals who participate in various kinds of violence usually have a frontal cortex that failed to regulate the amygdala activities, which is in charge of violent behavior.

How Biology Factor in to Violent Behavior

Brain development in humans occurs during fetal life. Individuals whose parents were exposed to stress hormones while pregnant tend to have an amygdala, which is very aggressive during adulthood. Adults with aggressive amygdala tend to be violent in society. The frontal cortex barely controls the activities of the amygdala of such individuals. Stress and trauma also lead to violent behavior to individuals (Sapolsky). Stress usually leads to the deactivation of the frontal cortex’s activities, thus making individuals react days or weeks violently after their stressful or traumatic event (Resource Treatment Center). Low impulse control is a condition in which individuals do not have control over themselves. Individuals with low impulse tend to have aggressive behaviors such as violence towards their society.

News about Act of Violence

Ethnic groups prefer to be treated equally in every society. Whenever people with particular origin are maltreated, they tend to cause violence within society to fight for their rights. According to (Slugoski), the operations that took place in Red Deer led to violence because the anti-protestors were shoving the protesters to move away and stop their activities. This shoving act made the protesters furious, which made them try to push their way past the anti-protesters.

The main reason why people gathered at Red Deer was the outcry of freedom of expression. All humans are entitled to freedom of expression (Slugoski). Whenever they are denied the free will of the expression, they tend to react, and most humans react violently. Every society has leaders that are supposed to defend the rights of the citizens within a specific region. Whenever leaders fail to protect their people’s rights, individuals usually tend to find a way of protesting so that they can be given their rights.

Importance of Sociological Factors in Violence

The amygdala activities are sometimes triggered by people’s social lives, such as fear or danger. People generate distinct perceptions whenever they are in danger. The frontal cortex’s failure usually leads to some individuals having false perception, thus involving themselves in violent activities. There are times when people involve themselves in violent operations to defend themselves from the existing danger. The frontal cortex plays a significant role in violent activities because the amygdala tends to lose control whenever it fails. The ideology behind childhood trauma and violence tends to generate a long-term effect on people (Sapolsky). The effects of childhood trauma are expressed to individuals after the age of twenty-five because this is the point where the frontal cortex develops to maturity.

Work Cited

Resource Treatment Center. “Impulse Control Disorder Symptoms & Effects.” Resource Treatment Center, Resource Treatment Center, 27 Sept. 2018, www.resourcetreatmentcenter.com/behavioral/impulse-control/symptoms-effects/.

Sapolsky, Robert. “The Biology of Our Best and Worst Selves | Robert Sapolsky.” YouTube, 2017, m.youtube.com/watch?feature=emb_title&time_continue=1&v=ORthzIOEf30. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

Slugoski, Kenddra. “Anti-Racism Group Angered by Premier Kenney’s Response to Red Deer Violence.” Global News, 23 Sept. 2020, globalnews.ca/news/7353671/anti-racism-group-red-deer-rally-premier-kenney-madu-response/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

“The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression – Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition.” Opentextbc.Ca, 26 Sept. 2017, opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-biological-and-emotional-causes-of-aggression/. Accessed 13 Oct. 2020.

‌

The British And American Film Industry

In Europe and around the world, the European film industry produced quite a large number of films that were famous before the commencement of the First World War. The British film industry was responsible for coming up with new improvements such as the feature film together with the newsreel (Curran & Porter, 1983). Their innovations ensured European film companies achieved enormous profits even in the American market. After the First World War, the emerging Hollywood studios dominated the film industry and were the main film suppliers in Europe. During this time in recent times, few movies were being supplied to America from the European film industry. This paper will analyze the sudden drop of film making in Europe and the sudden dominance of the American film industry.

According to statistics, Hollywood movies make double the amount of money British films make in one year. By the commencement of 1925, the production of British films had dropped from a high of one hundred and fifty annual movies in the previous years to about forty movies (The British Film and Television, 2010). Due to sunk costs, a large number of British film industries had sold almost all their foreign subsidiaries and then exited from the film making business in Europe (Bakker, 2003). The main reason was that most European film companies had lost the monopoly they had before the First World War to America. The British film companies held an insignificant share in the American market and at the same time, they had smaller shares at their own home film market. The American film industry had become an expansive market during that time and the Hollywood studios that had emerged to take over the foreign networks among them the European film network (Bakker, 2003). One attribute was the fall of the market during the world war (Smith, 1996). Both the British film industry shares at home and in America declined significantly at the same rate throughout the period of the First World War as most cinema halls were closed during this period. This stagnation of cinemas led to the collapse of the cinema industry due to the stagnation of the film industry. While Britain was struggling with this period of stagnation, the American film industry took advantage of the war to come up with films that served as entertainment especially for those who wanted to escape their daily misery (Bakker, 2003).

When Europe was at war because of the quality of race, the production costs of most film companies were not projected to the maximum expected levels therefore leading to large financial crisis. The few companies that survived were used to produce and distribute short films containing half truths and in the process making a lot of money (Bakker, 2010). Also during the world war, large a number of European film companies were used to propagate propaganda. In other cases, these companies subsidiary hardware were used in the production of war materials including bomb fuses (Bakker, 2003). An example is the French film company, which was prosecuted from amassing wealth during the First World War.

The other explanation for the British film market to lose interest in American scene was the fact that most Americans lost interest in watching the foreign films (Richard, 1999). This made the European companies especially the British companies lose enormous amounts of money in the form of revenue from the American market. According to Bakker, 2003; learning the attitudes of the American film industry with respect to the European film industry, for example, the Pathé Frères, the largest and leading French film production house, there is that the emergence of an external feeling against foreign motion pictures. Most Americans preferred watching long films that have a wide array of dramatic features instead of the multitude of the shorter film version having different formats that the British film industry provided (Bakker, 2003). Adaptation to the consumer’s tastes and preference matters in the film industry but according to the British film production, they lacked the capacity to become accustomed to their audience tastes.

Hollywood has a bigger budget as compared to Britain (The British Film and Television, 2010). When it comes to the production of a film, the American film industry has the finances to develop a much better film as compared to Britain. The American film production involves purchasing of expensive gadgets, good lighting, costume the perfect setting, famous actors among other things that cost a lot of money. When this is compared to the British film industry, their filming budgetary allowance cannot allow the production of a good movie (The British Film and Television, 2010). The European film council has limited resources when it comes to funding films. This means the largest film companies in the United Kingdom cannot afford to produce more movies at once (The British Film and Television, 2010). According to the British Film and Television report on 2010, finance has always been a significant problem for the fully independent British film companies even after several attempts by the British companies to try and follow the American model of a vertically incorporated film industry (The British Film and Television, 2010). This incorporation included financing their own film production, the distribution of their films both overseas and locally, and exhibition. Even though, the government has tried to intervene either by encouraging the producers or at times encouragement to potential investors, the problem about finance will still remain a problem in the industry (The British Film and Television, 2010).

Quite a large number of Hollywood producers, actors and movie directors are extremely ambitious in making debut in the film industry. They usually work hard in order to get to the top and achieve success. In contrast, most British movies do not have the ambition and are generally underachievers in the film market scene (Dudley, 2009). Even though, there are up and coming producers in the European film production, most British producers lack ambition and creativity as well. While producing a film, the Hollywood producers and directors strive to ensure the theme of the film is broad enough to capture the attention of even the least interested people so as to ensure they have to watch the appealing film (Dudley, 2009). Owing to the large financial budgets provided, the majority of these producers tend to market and distribute their movies to greater heights that are noticeable. Hollywood tends to employ the use of sophisticated marketing strategies, as opposed to the British film industry.

Summarily, during the twentieth century, the success in the film making industry was mainly due to changes in demand. One of this in the fact that the financial demand had had a drastic turn from the early period when the British film industry had the monopoly of most film making. This change together with the introduction of diverse multicultural filming around the world and presence of sufficient capital has pushed Hollywood up the ladder in the film industry.Reference

Bakker, G. (2003). The Decline and Fall of the European Film Industry: Sunk Costs, Market Size and Market Structure, 1890-1927. Retrieved January 05, 2013, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22366/1/wp70.pdf

Bakker, G. (2010). The Economic History of the International Film Industry. Retrieved January 05, 2013, from http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/bakker.film

Curran, J. & Porter, V. (1983). British Cinema History. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.

Dudley, J. (2009). Hollywood vs. Britain. Retrieved January 05, 2013, from http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2009/12/hollywood-vs-britain.html

Richard, A. (1999). The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900-1910. Berkeley: University of California Press.

The British Film industry. (2010). Retrieved January 05, 2013, from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldcomuni/37/3705.htmSmith, G. N. (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Name

Professor

Course

Date

The birth of tragedy

“What I managed to seize upon at that time, something fearful and dangerous, was a problem with horns, not necessarily a bull exactly, but in any event a new problem; today I would state that it was the problem of science itself—science for the first time grasped as problematic, as dubious. But that book, in which my youthful courage and suspicion then spoke, what an impossible book had to grow out of a task so contrary to the spirit of youth! Created out of merely premature, really immature personal experiences, which all lay close to the threshold of something communicable, built on the basis of art—for the problem of science cannot be understood on the basis of science—a book perhaps for artists with analytical tendencies and a capacity for retrospection (that means for exceptions, a type of artist whom it is necessary to seek out and whom one never wants to look for . . .),”

The birth of tragedy is a book inspired by the influence of philosophy in the society. The author offers his take on modern philosophical values that impact on society. The society is at the mercy of science which ranges from its discovery to the current innovations. Some of the factors that come with the trade pose as a threat of the dignity of the community. One of the themes of the passage is the unsafely of the community. This is the direct result of the constant emphasis placed on the need to evolve.

Science is a type of art reserved for the well meaning in the society. The need to discover new inventions and innovations creates situations where professionals over think ideas. This in turn gives rise to an unhealthy people who are concerned on the success as opposed to their health. The birth of tragedy is a direct interpretation of the result of ambition by the modern world. This puts a certain amount of pressure on the entire community which adheres to the societal norms. One of the factors to note is the emphasis the writer places in his dismay on the tragedy. Tragedy is a situation that cannot be avoided in any social arrangement. It can be enhanced by the occurrences that people experience on a day to day basis.

In conclusion, the birth of tragedy is representative of a new form of calamity. Some of these situations can be avoided if the society is to revaluate their stance on the need to industrialise. Despite the fact that the problem is a direct scientific problem, it cannot be fixed using science. This creates the provision for the use of philosophy as an avenue of problem solving. Tragedy can take several shapes and forms in life. It is thus essential to recognise the root of the tragedy so as to move forward as a society.

The Black Death

Institutional affiliation

Students name

date

The Black Death

The Black Death was a standout amongst the most decimating pandemics in mankind’s history, bringing about the passing of an expected 75 to 200 million individuals in Eurasia and cresting in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The bacterium Yersinia pestis, which brings about a few types of torment, is accepted to have been the reason. The torment made a progression of religious, social, and monetary changes, which effects the course of history. The Black Death is thought to have started in the dry fields of Central Asia, where it at that point went along the Silk Road, achieving Crimea by 1343. From that point, it was in all likelihood conveyed by Oriental rodent insects living on the dark rats that were normal travelers on trader ships, spreading all through the Mediterranean and Europe. The Black Death is assessed to have executed 30– 60% of Europe’s aggregate populace. Altogether, the torment may have lessened the total populace from an expected 450 million down to 350– 375 million in the fourteenth century. It took 200 years for the total populace to recoup to its past level. The torment repeated as episodes in Europe until the nineteenth century. The Black Death killed a larger number of Europeans than some other endemic or war up to that time.

With a specific end goal to better light up any progressions that happened in restorative practice after the beginning of the Black Death, one should first look at the condition of medicinal practice at the season of the Black Death. By the fourteenth century, medicinal specialists had been stratified into pretty much five gatherings, however there was absolutely cover among them depending especially upon the region in Europe being referred to. As per Loren C. Macintosh Kinney, these gatherings fundamentally took after a similar division of therapeutic experts laid out in Aristotelian idea in ancient times. In Aristotle’s work, restorative professionals had a place with one of the three after classifications: ace doctors, talented skilled workers, or instructed laymen, who considered prescription as a component of their general learning.

In spite of the fact that medieval therapeutic professionals had more degrees in status, the gatherings still fell inside a similar system of divisions. To finish everything, by the later Middle Ages, were the doctors prepared at colleges in medicinal hypothesis. Quite a bit of this preparation depended on the established thoughts communicated by Hippocrates and Galen, who likewise remarked intensely on Hippocratic compositions. Inside the corpus of lessons of Hippocrates, and particularly Galen, who was the specific most loved of medieval doctors, hypothesis was blended with training, and keeping in mind that both were accepted to be essential, hypothesis in view of reason was held to be better than training in view of understanding. The principle objectives of Galenic prescription were to recognize the reasons for malady, both discernible and hypothetical.

Causation was critical in light of the fact that the states of individual patients could help uncover bigger, more all-inclusive standards. Thoughts in regards to infection causation, forecast, and helpful procedure were established in the hypothesis of humors, created in Hippocratic works and utilized and remarked upon by Galen. As indicated by the humoral hypothesis, adjust of the four humors inside the body was the key to wellbeing, and any unevenness in that brought about ailment. To humoral hypothesis, Galen included the four humors join together to shape tissues, which thusly frame organs, which at that point frame the body overall. What’s more, his technique for curing infections stayed in light of sensible utilizations of humoral hypothesis Galenic restorative hypothesis was concerned with the act of medication as well as with epistemology, both therapeutic and philosophical. Galen recognized two methods for gaining information, that of reason and that of experience. Traditional therapeutic practice had, at any rate in talk if not entirely in fact, drawn a line between physical work, for example, surgery, which was humble, and hypothetical adapting, for example, prescription, which could and ought to be examined by instructed men of societal position. The early medieval period, before the ascent of colleges, saw a converging of classes into one gathering of medicinal specialists, with “no obvious qualification amongst doctor and specialist and drug specialist. Inside the medieval colleges, the seven aesthetic sciences framed the premise of training while philosophy, law, and prescription were viewed as the higher resources, which could be considered for the most part simply after the foundation of the human sciences was accomplished.

How infections are translated by the general population they debilitate changes after some time and inside societies. Be that as it may, there are normal components. One is a propensity to see sickness as originating from elsewhere from ‘other individuals’. Infection may even be given a human face through relationship with a specific person. At the point when stood up to by new and terrifying ailments, individuals can make substitutes as a completely misinformed method for adapting to fear, centering fault and reinforcing preference.

Peripheral gatherings, minorities and poor people have been basic targets. Jews were generally rebuked for the Black Death and migrant Irish laborers considered in charge of cholera pestilences in the 1830s. Fault can be universal. The presence of syphilis in Renaissance Europe turned into a great case of passing the fault. Syphilis was initiated the ‘French ailment’ by the British, however the French considered the Italians dependable. They restored the compliment. The Dutch faulted the Spanish, while the Russians faulted the Poles. In Japan the Portuguese were to blame, though the Turks basically called it the Christian illness. Also, when in 1769 Captain Cook watched the sickness on Tahiti, it was referred to all islanders as the British illness!

Such stereotyping can cause genuine mischief. For instance, early a century ago the frequency of syphilis in the United States was moderately high in poor dark groups. Some American analysts faulted this for what they saw as natural racial shortcomings. It was a ‘dark infection’, a confused partiality that motivated the notorious Tuskegee examine, a bigot and deceptive research venture in which 400 dark men conveying the ailment were kept under perception however left untreated for quite a long time.

Infection, similar to syphilis, acts gradually and distorts appallingly. Sufferers were known as ‘outcasts’ and were generally compelled to live segregated lives in untouchable states. They were avoided, despised and dreaded, and the word ‘outsider’ still has implications path past its strict restorative importance. Without a doubt, ‘For what reason should I be ousted like a pariah?’ was what Mary Mallon asked in 1909. Otherwise called Typhoid Mary, she was a transporter, however not a sufferer, of that ailment. In any case, she turned into the exemplification of infection in America and her outside beginnings a subject of open verbal confrontation, giving purposeful publicity to those requiring the inoculation of every new settler. The diary Scientific American summoned both antiquated partialities and torment myths while remarking that Mary ‘had rivaled the Wandering Jew in dissipating devastation in her way’ – the Wandering Jew being an incredible figure from Christian old stories, one of whose incarnations was as a spreader of malady Although the torment headed out starting with one nation then onto the next by means of tainted rats on board exchange ships, and in all likelihood assaulted people as contaminated bugs, the quick acting disease could just have spread through contact between city occupants, the London group finished up. Past research demonstrated that plague rates expanded in the fourteenth century because of Europeans swarming the urban areas. Once the bubonic frame found as dependable balance in a city, and advanced toward the lungs of a few occupants, the exceptionally infectious pneumonic type of torment more likely than not had the ideal reproducing ground in overpopulated urban areas with tenants in weakness, as fourteenth century London.

Dr. Tim Brooks, a specialist in irresistible sicknesses at Public Health England, who was associated with the Charterhouse Square research, contended that bubonic torment alone couldn’t have spread as quick from individual to individual, inundating whole urban communities in a short measure of time. Yet, the more harmful, airborne adaptation of the illness could clarify the lethal energy of the medieval pandemic.

Bugs, be that as it may, may not be free. Dr. Ken Gage, head of the torment segment at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), says the scattering of the torment bacterium by insects remains a legitimate hypothesis for quick acting pandemics. Gage concurred that rodent borne torment has a generally safe of disease from human contact. Additionally, there isn’t sufficient confirmation to recommend that dark rats, which commonly conveyed the malady, were available in the British Isles, and no records of an unstable rodent mortality, which ought to have gone before the human pandemic.

 The issue is to bounce to the conclusion that no one but rats can be the vectors,” Gage said in a meeting. “In the British Isles, there could have been another vector, the human bug. We found that a considerable measure of insects doesn’t get blocked productively, however can transmit proficiently in the initial three to four days when they get the disease from a creature or even a human. On the off chance that the human bug can do that, it could clarify the spread of torment, which was in all likelihood bug borne, not airborne.” Although a few cases could have been pneumonic, Black Death records recognize the malady by swollen lymph hubs, a normal for bubonic torment. Contaminated individuals can build up an auxiliary, pneumonic torment, which can be airborne, however in essential pneumonic cases, individuals would not have lived sufficiently long to create buboes, Gage clarified.

The Public Health England master concurs that insects and rats were a piece of the procedure. Tainted bugs can stick around for half a month, sitting tight for a casualty, to whom they transmit the contamination,” Brooks clarified. “This individual will create bubonic torment. 10% of individuals who have bubonic torment will create pneumonia from the foundational spread, and in their withering hours will hack this up. Individuals inside 2 meters or less of the casualty are in danger of disease through inward breath. They create pneumonic torment, which can be transmitted to others as beads. So on the off chance that you have enough individuals who can be contaminated by bugs, you will have a decent possibility of getting some pneumonic cases. In the event that these individuals live ten to a 3 meter by 3-meter room, they will get the infection as pneumonic torment, as will the individuals who come to tend to the diminishing family. They take it home to their friends and family et cetera. In this way, in the correct social conditions, with the correct conditions to unite people and rats, and in a general public where administering to relatives and neighbors was the thing, you get bubonic torment, trailed by pneumonic torment.

Specialists still can’t seem to concur on the genuine offender behind human torment pandemics. Be that as it may, regardless of whether individuals get the sickness from bugs, contaminated creatures, or from each other, once it ends up plainly airborne, it can produce a general wellbeing emergency.

Torment is presently treated with anti-toxins, and can be avoided by applying bug sprays to dispose of tainted insects. In any case, it remains an illness with a high death rate if left untreated. Since the torment bacterium has been utilized as a natural weapon before, with medieval armed forces

catapulting bodies over city dividers and present day armed forces associated with dropping tainted insects from planes, worries that the torment could fuel bio-fear monger assaults stay substantial in our circumstances. Torment immunizations are being developed yet are not anticipated that would be economically accessible in the quick future.

Counteractive action rules from the CDC incorporate diminishing rat living spaces around homes, utilizing bug anti-agents on skin and apparel, and applying insect control items to pets. While these measures may keep a flare-up, center should move to human bearers once torment cases are recognized in a group. One thing we can detract from the Charterhouse skeletons is that chain transmission among people can have cataclysmic results. Close up close and personal contact inside two yards of each other is expected to transmit the disease among people, Gage said. Albeit bubonic cases still prevail today, chain transmission after the torment ends up plainly pneumonic is the genuine test, as delineated by the Madagascar episode.

In any case, fortunately we can interfere with the chain rapidly these days, the CDC pro said. We can treat the general population who get contaminated, give prophylactic anti-microbial to secure the individuals who interact with torment patients, wear surgical veils, and detach healing facility staff and other people who look after patients. Torment has all that it requires to cause the Black Death,” Brooks said. “All it needs is the open door. It’s still there. It’s as yet the one that we used to have, despite everything it has all the power and the risk that it used to have, and it’s just an alternate arrangement of conditions that is keeping it in its place. Torment has what it takes. Torment can do it once more.

Conclusion

By 1350, the survivors of the torment started to understand their bad dream was arriving at an end. The prompt result of the Black Death was a huge decrease of the populace; be that as it may, the torment additionally had numerous long haul impacts. A significant number of the academic individuals of the time kicked the bucket. This prompted a decrease in schools and numerous were obliterated. Moreover, a decrease in exchange happened on the grounds that individuals were frightful to exchange great with one torment swarmed nation. These components added to Europe’s time of diminished thriving. Amid the medieval times, the torment was known as all-pulverizing. 33% of a nations populace can’t be killed over a time of three years without impressive disengagement to its economy. Through these misfortunes, a modest bug toppled Europe’s social structure and adjusted medieval society for eternity

Bibliography

Ziegler, Philip. The black death. Faber & Faber, 2013.

Horrox, Rosemay, ed. The black death. Vol. 1. Manchester University Press, 1994.

Langer, William L. “The black death.” Scientific American 210, no. 2 (1964): 114-121.

Bridbury, Anthony R. “The Black Death.” The Economic history review 26, no. 4 (1973): 577-592.

Byrne, Joseph Patrick. The Black Death. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.

Bos, Kirsten I., Verena J. Schuenemann, G. Brian Golding, Hernán A. Burbano, Nicholas Waglechner, Brian K. Coombes, Joseph B. McPhee et al. “A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death.” Nature 478, no. 7370 (2011): 506.

Name

Student’s name

Course

Date

The Black Lives Movement as a Non-Violent Action

Introduction

Non-violence action refers to the practice of achieving social change goals using non-violent methods such as civil disobedience, symbolic protests, political non-cooperation, and economic non-cooperation. The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement is a perfect example of non-violence action. The Black Lives Matter Movement is a global social movement which started in 2013 in the United States and is dedicated towards fighting anti-black violence and racism particularly police brutality (Carney, 190). People of color by far comprise the majority of the population killed at the hands of the police in the United States. The Movement condemns the unjust killing of people of color by the police and demands society to value the humanity and life of people of color as much as it values the life of white people. Activists associated with the movement have held and continue to hold influential and large protests in various cities in the United States and internationally. At the grassroots, the movement is led by local chapters that organize programs and campaigns. These chapters have affiliations with the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, an active and non-profit civil rights organization with operations in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the Black Lives Matter Movement as a non-violence action used to promote social equity and justice. The essay delves into various aspects of the movement including violence against African American people, the formation and structure of the movement, funding, how the movement employs social media as a tactic, the shadow banning of black creators on Tik Tok, direct action, excessive use of force by the police, some of its broader movement and the Movement’s impact.

Broader Movements

Notably, the Black Lives Matter Movement has other broader movements that run concurrently involving various activists and organizations. One of the braider movements operating under the Black Lives Matter Movement is Campaign Zero which was formed by DeRay McKesson, Johnetta Elzie, Samuel Siyangwe, and Britney Packnett. Campaign Zero was initiated with the aim of promoting policy reforms that will see police brutality come to an end. The initiative came up with a ten-point agenda for reforms in policing as well as recommendations including putting an end to broken window policy, improving the community oversight in various police departments and stern guidelines on excessive use of force by the police. John Eligon, a reporter for the New York Times noted that some activists expressed concern as they felt that the campaign over-focused on the legislative solutions for police violence. The Black Lives Matter Movement also supports other positives and causes that do not relate to police brutality such as economic justice, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender and Queer (LGBTQI), immigration reform, and feminism.

Violence against African Americans

The Black Lives Matter Movement began in July 2013 as a hashtag #BlackLivesMatter after George Zimmerman who was responsible for the murder of an unarmed African-American teenager called Trayvon Martin in Florida. Zimmerman was acquitted of the crime in February 2012, 17 months earlier than expected. Notably, the movement only became widely renowned following the death of two high-profile African-American individuals; Michael Brown in Missouri and Eric Garner in Newyork in 2014. This caused uproar as neither of the two police officers responsible for their deaths was formally convicted. Since the protests in Missouri took place, the supporters of the activists have demonstrated against the killings of numerous black people caused by police actions. There is a bigger history and context of African American boys and men who died at the hands of the police just like George Floyd who died at the hands of the police outside the Minneapolis police department. Since 2014, the movement has protested against the death of high-profile deaths including Laquan Macdonald (2014), Tamir Rice ( 2014), John Crawford (2014), Water Scott (2015), Freddie Gray (2015), Philando Castile (2016), Alton Sterling (2016), Terrence Crutcher (2016) and Antwon Rose (2018). Additionally, black girls and women have also become targets of police violence a reality evidenced by the “Say Her Name” Movement which highlighted this subtle violence and how it often goes unnoticed. Some of the women who have succumbed to violence associated with police interactions are Breonna Taylor (2020), Atatiana Jefferson (2019), Sandra Bland (2015), and Deborah Danner (2016).

Black Lives Matter Formation and Structure

The Movement was co-founded by three black community organizers namely Opal Tometi, Alicia Garza, and Patrisse Khan, and began as a social media hashtag called #BlackLivesMatter. The phrase Black Lives Matter can be used to refer to a political action committee, a Twitter hashtag, a social movement, a slogan, or a loose association of groups advocating for equality and equal justice. As a movement, BLM is decentralized and has operations at the grassroots and it emphasizes the need for local organizing before local leadership. The structure of the Black Lives Matter movement is different from other previous movements such as the civil rights movement. The differences have become subject to scholarly review. Deray McKesson, an activist notes that the Black Lives Matter Movement comprises of all people that publicly declare that the lives of black people matter and devote their energy and time to the movement’s cause (Ince, Fabio, and Clayton, 1815). One of the movement founders, Alicia Garza describes the movement as an online platform that exists for the purpose of providing activists with a collective and shared set of goals and principles. The local chapters of the Black Lives Movement are required to have commitment to the network’s guiding principles and continue operations without a hierarchy and central structure. Gaza further notes that the organization’s interest is not in policing those who are and not part of the faction. The Black Lives Matter has a loose structure that has led to confusion among activists and the press as statements or actions from individuals or a chapter are associated with the BLM movement as a whole.

Funding

Between May and December 2020, donations to the Black Lives Matter Movement were 10.6 billion dollars according to The Economist. In 2015, Politico noted that Democracy Alliance, a coalition of Democratic parties had donated over 200, 000 US dollars in endorsements for the movement (Taylor, 166). The Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation is focused on catching up with its plans and funding for use in endowment as it wants to be known for more than just protesting for Black people dying at the hands of law enforcers. 2020 marked the first time for the movement to reveal details about its finances. The Foundation reported committing $21.7 million as grants for unofficial and official chapters including 30 local organizations that are black-led. The year 2020 ended as the company had a balance of over 60 million dollars after using a quarter of its assets on grant funds and other charitable giving (Ransby, 67). According to the Foundations report, individual donors donated an average of $30.76 with over 10% of the donations being recurrent. The report did not indicate who made donations in 2020 and its leaders also refrained from naming its prominent leaders. In 2020, the foundation’s expenses were $ 8.4 million including the cost of staffing, administrative and operating costs and cost for carrying out activities such as crisis intervention, rapid response, and civic engagement. The foundation that in 2021, the organization’s focus will be on economic justice, and particularly concerning the current impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the black community. Last year, the racial justice organization impacted largely on philanthropic giving. According to a report by the Candid and Center for Disaster Philanthropy, 35% of the total covid-19 funding of 20.2% from high-net-worth individuals, corporations, foundations, and public charities were directed to communities of people of color.

Social Media and the Internet as a Strategy and Tactic

Originally, the Black Lives Matter movement employed various social media platforms in activism; it used hashtags particularly on Twitter to reach multitudes of people rapidly. Since then, the Movement has embraced the diversity of tactics. The protests organized by The Movement have all been overwhelmingly peaceful. The protests have never employed violence and when it did it was done by the police or counter-protesters. Despite this, opponents have been portrayed to be falsely violent. The American Dialect Society selected #BlackLivesMatter to be the word of the year in 2014. The hashtag was among the twelve selected hashtags which changed the world in 2014. For the period between July 2013 and May 2018, #BlackLivesMatter was tweeted more than 30 million times which translates to 17, 0002 tweets a day (Rickford, 90). Notably, by June 2020, the hashtag had about 47.8 million tweets, with July 7th- July 17th, 2016 having the biggest usage at about 500,000 daily tweets. The said period recorded an increase in the tweets that were using hashtags #AllLivesmatter and ##BlackLivesMatter. In May 2020, 8.8 million tweets were sent using the hashtag with an average of 3.7 million tweets being recorded daily (Leach and Aerielle, 545). In 2016, an incident that led to the death of five police officers and the injury of 9 others in Dallas saw the movement take on a more negative tone than before. At the time, 39% of the tweets that used the #BlackLivesMatter were showing opposition for the movement and criticizing it. Half of the people that opposed the movement described the group as terrorist and referred them as terrorists. Rutgers University professor, Khadijah White, argued that the Black Lives Matter Movement ushered an era where black movements in university emerged. Notably, social media has increased activism all over the world as evidenced by the ease with which bystanders are being empowered to use their phones to record graphic videos showing violence by the police. People are now empowered and are using social media to drive messages across the world. The use of hashtags has brought a lot of attention particularly to politicians in high ranks and rallying them to support Black Lives Matter.

Shadow Banning of Black Creators on Tik Tok

During the summer of 2020, the death of a black man called George Floyd sparked worldwide riots and Black Lives Matter protests. The protests which took place in nearly all states in the United States, centered around promoting police reform and other countries demonstrated their support for the movement by organizing demonstrations in their countries. To show their presence in the streets, Tik Tok allies, black creators and influencers showed their support for the app in the hope that the message would spread to the larger population through the popularity of the app (Kilgo, Rachel, and George, 413). However, many creators began noticing that a shadow banning trend had emerged and was affecting views of any videos that mentioned the George Floyd and the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. For instance, Kam Kurosaki with a following of over 80,000 and thousands of views on other videos was getting less than 1000 views in videos mentioning George Floyd, Breonna Taylor or the Black Lives Matter Movement.

In response to this shadow banning, the creators of Tik Tok came up with a plan to configure a protest on their own on major social media avenues including Instagram, Facebook, and Tik Tok in what was called Black Out Tuesday. The goals of the campaign were to raise awareness about shadow banning and to express support for the agenda against police brutality on a bigger scope. Some of the leading Tik Tom creators such a Chari D’ Amelio who has the largest following on the app showed support by noting people of color have a vice and they ought to stand up and stick together for what is right. The creators showed support by changing their profile pictures on the application to a picture of a raised fist and by refraining from posting for an entire day. With the popularity of Black Out Tuesday going mainstream, Tik Tok gave a statement addressing claims about shadow banning. In their statement, they apologized and acknowledged black creators and the community at large that felt suppressed, unsafe, and unsupported. In response, Tik Tok launched events and initiatives aimed at raising awareness and stirring a conversation relating to the experience of blacks online. Some of the initiatives include Tik Tok’s #MakeBlackHistory which was the first summit of its kind that brought together iconic and leading black individuals such as Trace Ross and Tyra Banks as panelists to strike conversations about their experiences as people of color in the industry. However, creators still show their dismay to the path of change and the continuing employment of shadow banning on creators who are black. The main issue has to do with the inconsistency that exists in regard to the community guidelines.

Direct Action Employed by the Movement

In general, the Black Lives Matter Movement partakes in direct action which makes the parties or people uncomfortable to the extent that they cannot ignore the issue and they take necessary action to address it. The Black Lives Matter movement is mostly known for building power through the use of rallies and protests. In the past, the movement has also staged a lie-in protest where the protests simulate being dead for instance, the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon. Additionally, some political slogans have also been used in demonstrations including the famous Black Lives Matter slogan. Other common phrases used are “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot”, a slogan attributed to Michael Brown. Furthermore, the slogan “I can’t breathe” used to refer to George Floyd and Eric Garner have also emerged and are used in the #BlackLivesMatter movement. Other famous slogans are “Is my son next?”, “No justice, no peace”, and “White Silence is Violence”. A 2018 study revealed that protests organized by the Black Lives Matter Movement are more likely to happen in areas where people of color have died at the hands of police officers.

Impact of the Black Lives Matter Movement

Ever since the Black Lives Matter Movement emerged in 2013 with #BlackLivesMatter which began on social media, the Movement has had a tremendous impact on society. The movement has been featured and documented in songs, television, film, literature, and visual arts. Because of the movement, various media firms and outlets started airing material relating to the Black Lives Matter Movement and racial injustice. Additionally, in 2020, there was an increase in the number of television shows, books, and novels. Further, songs such as Kendrick Lamar’s “Alright” and Michael Jackson’s “They Don’t Care About Us” have become widely adopted and are used as rallying calls when demonstrations are taking place. Bars4Justice is a short documentary film with features from various recording artists and activists associated with the movement. The film was the official choice for the 24th Annual Panafrican Film Festival-themed Stay Woke. In 2016, there was also a Black Lives Matter Movement was created that featured Jesse Williams. The film was all about the Black Lives Matter Movement. In 2015, the February issue of the Essence magazine was dedicated to Black Lives issues. Additionally, the Black Lives Matter contended for Time Magazine’s Person of the Year award in December 2015. It emerged fourth out of the eight candidates. The Black Lives Matter Movement has had a major influence on society as evidenced by the number of cities that have erected mural paintings about the Black Lives Matter movement. Many cities such as Dallas, Denver, Washington D.C, Denver, Charlotte, Brooklyn, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Alabama have painted the words “Black Lives Matter” in large big letters on the streets. In May 2016, when Delrish Moss was sworn in to serve as the first police chief who is Africa-America, he noted that he is faced with the challenge of lack of a diverse police force. Further, he noted that other challenges facing the police force are making the community relations better and resolving issues that have been stimulated by the Black Lives Matter Movement.

Excessive Use of Police Force

A study conducted between 2002 and 2011 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics revealed that out of all the people that had brushed shoulders with the police, people of color (2.8%) were more likely than Hispanics (1.4%) and whites (1.0%) to be perceived as a threat or to be arrested using excessive force. A study by the Washington Post revealed that in 2019, police officers killed 1,001 individuals by shooting at them. Out of these, half were white, about a quarter were people of color making the death rate of people of color twice that of Americans. In essence, Black people record 31 fatal deaths per million while White Americans have 13 deadly shootings per million. The Washington Post also estimated that in 2019 alone 13 unarmed black men were shot by police officers.

A study carried by Cesario in 2019 and published by a peer-reviewed journal called Social Psychological and Personality Science revealed that there exists no evidence showing disparities against black people in fatal shootings, shootings involving unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings where harmless objects are misidentified. However, the report is countered and criticized by a Rose et. al (2020) study which concludes that exists a substantial racial bias where police have shot black suspects who are unarmed. The bias is not present where the suspects were white or of another race. Roland Fryer, a Harvard economist, found that Hispanics and black people were 50% more exposed to police interactions that are lethal. Additionally, another study conducted by Ross found substantial bias in the death of unarmed black people as compared to white Americans. On average, black people were 3.49 times at risk of being short in comparison with white people who are unarmed. The study further found that armed black men were 2.79 times more likely to be shot by police than their fellow black people who were unarmed. Additionally, the research discovered that the racial bias which had been documented was not capable of explaining the differences that exist in crime rates locally.

Conclusion

The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement is a perfect example of non-violence action as it achieves social change goals using non-violent methods such as civil disobedience, symbolic protests, political non-cooperation, and economic non-cooperation. The Black Lives Matter Movement is a global social movement which started in 2013 in the United States and is dedicated towards fighting anti-black violence and racism particularly police brutality. Activists associated with the movement have held and continue to hold influential and large protests in various cities in the United States and internationally. Discussed above are some aspects about the movement including violence against African American people, the formation and structure of the movement, funding, how the movement employs social media as a tactic, the shadow banning of black creators on Tik Tok, direct action, excessive use of force by the police, some of its broader movement and the Movement’s impact. There is a need to continue supporting the Black Lives Movement as a nation as it has brought positive change to society. With proper funding and support from the government as well as local and state actors, there is no limit as to what the Movement can achieve in the fight against anti-black violence and racism.

Works Cited

Carney, Nikita. “All lives matter, but so does race: Black lives matter and the evolving role of social media.” Humanity & Society 40.2 (2016): 180-199.

Ince, Jelani, Fabio Rojas, and Clayton A. Davis. “The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use.” Ethnic and racial studies 40.11 (2017): 1814-1830.

Kilgo, Danielle K., Rachel R. Mourão, and George Sylvie. “Martin to Brown: How time and platform impact coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement.” Journalism Practice 13.4 (2019): 413-430.

Leach, Colin Wayne, and Aerielle M. Allen. “The social psychology of the Black Lives Matter meme and movement.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26.6 (2017): 543-547.

Ransby, Barbara. Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century. Vol. 6. University of California Press, 2018.

Rickford, Russell. “Black lives matter: Toward a modern practice of mass struggle.” New Labor Forum. Vol. 25. No. 1. Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, 2016.

Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. From# BlackLivesMatter to black liberation. Haymarket Books, 2016.

Name

Instructor

Class

Date

The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Plan

The speakers of the 10-point program or plan are Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Both of these men were the founders of the Black Panther Party. The party was founded for the sake of providing self-defense to the Black community and especially with focus on armed self-defense, nationalism and socialism of the Black community at a time when racism was at its peak. Its formation was in October of 1966. The establishment of the Black community’s destiny was at the forefront of the direction of the party and the motivating factor amidst the ongoing racial issues.

The speakers are trying to communicate the need and importance of freedom and access to rights for the Black community as a way of bringing equality for them in a similar manner as the White community enjoys it. They are trying to convince those in power that they are just as entitled to all these rights as everyone else who gets to enjoy them freely. While communicating this, the speakers are also trying to bring to light the line that exists between the Black and White communities, identifying how racism remains pronounced for the Black community and how this has made it difficult for them to live at ease and in peace (Calloway).

This topic is of great concern to the speakers since they have been the victims of racism before and they are, therefore, creating a platform for all members of the Black community where their needs and difficulties can be heard. It is a matter that they have had enough of and they are hoping that the mobilization of the Black folk would mean that the creation of this platform would increase the volume for the change that they need and want as a way of creating equality across the United States. The topic is also of a great concern since it affects the livelihood of the Black community members and how they get around their lives on a daily basis. Airing this concern and having adjustments made as a result would mean more freedom for the community on their day to day lives and being placed on the same pedestal as the White community. This would eventually lead to communities that work together for the good of themselves and the country at large.

The speakers of the Ten Point Program are addressing the White racist government of America, which has been continuously victimizing the Black community within the United States of America. The demands that the speakers make within the plan are all those that the government is required to meet for its people without bias. However, these needs are only being met for the White community while leaving out the Black community to fend for its self while enabling the White community to remain racist in all views. The government is supposed to help out its people by ensuring that there is freedom for all, employment is provided to all, provide compensation for those who have suffered in the hands of the government, provision of decent housing and provision of education. On top of this, the government is required to end brutality by the police, to try all men fairly and provide the basics of life to all. The speakers want to be heard by the government that has been biased against their community while making it clear that color ought not to be the reason for divide or treating others differently (Courtright).

The mode or medium of communication that has been applied by the speakers is the written version. The speakers took to an approach that would be easy for the people from the black community and others to subscribe to. At the same time, this written option would easily have access by the public given the fact that it was published within the party’s newsletter, accessible by many, if not all, of the members. This greatly relates to their purpose of being heard and seeking freedom while putting across the message of equality to the government. Having the written work published would mean that both the members of the Black community and the public at large would catch a glimpse of the writing so that the government would know that it is in the limelight and it would not get to deny facts put across.

The three types of appeal are evident in the ten point program. Logos is used in the case of the demand for the forty acres and two mules, the speakers are trying to bring sense to the table by sharing the fate that the Black community suffered, comparing this to the case of the Jews who suffered an ill fate and were compensated. It would then only make sense if so many Americans suffered a fate that the government was liable to, thus demanding an overdue debt for their troubles. Ethos has been used in the case of the plea of exempting the Black men from military service for defense with the White men already exempted, for the sake of killing other people of color. This is morally wrong since the government is using victimized Black people to kill others who have been victimized too, while excluding the Whites in the process. The speakers use pathos to show the audience the pitiful sight that the Black community has to go through. In the process, the appeals have been used to the pain and trials that the Black community goes through and identify why these struggles have to come to an end given that they are inhumane.

References

Calloway, Carolyn R. “Group Cohesiveness in the Black Panther Party.” Journal of Black Studies 8.1 (1977): 55-74.

Courtright, John A. “Rhetoric of the gun: An analysis of the rhetorical modifications of the Black Panther Party.” Journal of Black Studies 4.3 (1974): 249-267.

English

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course Title

Date

The Black Table is still There

In the book ‘The Black Table is still There’, Lawrence Otis Graham who is the author of the book and a graduate from the Harvard law school and Princeton University goes back to his mainly white junior high school to pay a visit. During his visit, Graham comes by something that he previously thought that he could see it again after so many years of being to the school as he had forgotten it during his adulthood days. In the cafeteria of his white primary school lay a peculiar lunch table, making Graham flashback to his olden days of childhood explaining why the black table affected him.

Graham begins the flashback by stating that most of the time that he was the only boy in most of the activities that he attended that included like in his high school tennis team, the easting club as well as the summer music camps. Despite attending all the gaming and competitions activities at his school, he was not the only black American in his school. Graham states that there was a scenario that has made him startled most during his school days. He narrates that the existed a black table during lunchtime, the black table was a group of African American teenagers that could come as a group sitting at one of the tables in the cafeteria. Graham narrates that he would never sit at that table no matter whom they walked into the cafeteria as he feared to lose his white friends by siting with the black individuals, as he claims that he could be making an anti-white racist statement.

Graham showed his resentment to the all-black lunch table and believed that the black kids were the reason as to why other children did not mix more. I tend to agree with him in this statement as people tend to view teenagers who separate themselves into individual groups as being anti-social people and that they don’t like mixing with other groups. Lawrence blames the black kids for being the barrier of integration in the school and all his little world. Graham, however, states that he was wrong as, during the same time, there were at least two tables of athletes that included an Italian table a Jewish boys table and a Jewish girls table. Where he usually sat, a table of kids who often were onto heavy metal music and a smoking pot, a table belonging to the middle-class Irish kids. Here, Grahams asks “weren’t this table just as segregationist as the black table?’ In other words, Graham realized that he was wrong, and he realized this because yes there existed an all-black table at his high school, but there was also a table where all the athletes could sit, all the Italians could sit, and the Jewish girls and boys could sit. The African American teens sitting in the all-black table were therefore not isolating themselves. They were imitating what everyone else was doing, sitting together with their kinds of friends and this concludes that Graham was wrong in his judgments and that he continues to admit that he was assuming the opposite of what was happening.

Graham would not be the only individual who could be associated with the wrong judgments as to some extents the inference is always correct. I think it is clear that we tend to separate ourselves and that it is natural that this still remains and exist in our society today even though we don’t realize it as it is done unintentionally. There are a few factors that try to explain why we tend to segregate ourselves. One of these reasons is that without our recognition, we tend to stay and associate with people to whom we own the same race, and country and this is because we feel that we tend to share the same interests and we feel that we go so much in common. The habit goes on every day without the people realizing it, happening in our schools and amongst our neighborhoods. It is not perplexing to find that some of the communities are divided into the same ethnicity.

We feel that just because we share the same culture and beliefs, we can relate with one another more easily and comfortably with people to whom we associate with than to those whom we don’t share anything in common. Just because someone else is of a different nationality and religion, we tend not to associate with them as much. This, however, does not have the implication that we can never be a diverse group of people but because of the force of the habit to not only reside with our nationality and religion but even in our daily activities and this is especially among the younger people in schools such as high school. The kids on a sports team or some other activities that tend to bring people together often is characterized by the habit of association with people from the same region and kind. The reason is therefore quite clear that all the associations tend to share some common interest proving Graham wrong as he comes to realize this issue much later.

Despite being in the association, racial segregation has been significant part of the current and the previous generations. Racial discrimination tends to have dominated in the past years where it was publicly known that being black or white meant that you could stick to your lanes. The issue of racial segregation was much evident in the American society, and this as well can give an inference of the origin of the all-black lunch table that existed in Graham’s high school. It can be evident that the blacks were exposed to some discrimination by the whites during lunchtime and that is the main reason that they decided to have a place of their own by assembling and sharing their moments together.

High schools and colleges are among the public institutions to which racism is common, and it wouldn’t come as a surprise that a certain group of people may prefer to stick together especially if they are the minority group. The reason as to why they will seclude themselves is to avoid unnecessary victimizations from the majority groups. To further clarify our doubts, we tend to see the Jewish and the Italians having separate tables as well alongside the all-black lunch table during athletics and other sporting activities. Majority of the people from other regions may not be at ease in socializing with people to whom they don’t relate especially in language and colour. Therefore it is very difficult to find a Jewish associating with a black at the first time while there are others of their kind. The trend has however been reducing, but still, the aspect of the black table amidst of the other tables has continued to be evidenced in the present generation. The main reason behind is due to the enhancement of the rich culture and traditions of the people. The individuals tend to carry it along with them; this is because for example during lunchtime a black person may not do the same practices like the whites and therefore may opt to associate with the blacks to whom they tend to share a similar culture.

Work Cited

Graham, Lawrence Otis. “The Black Table I Still There.” Coming of Age: Literature About Youth and Adolescence: 1999-43.

The benefit of social networking for learning among high school student in China

Weibo, WeChat and other social media platforms have become an integral part of everyday life for Chinese students. A significant benefit of social networking sites is that they serve as a modern-day communication channel that can be used for a variety of purposes. Using social networking sites, Ng (2021) reports that Hong Kong high school students can connect more effectively and efficiently with their classmates, instructors, and other stakeholders in the learning and teaching process. It’s crucial for students and teachers to communicate effectively. It will be difficult to teach and learn effectively without strong communication (Kio, 2016). Students may connect with one another, as well as their friends, coworkers, classmates, family, and professors, over the internet. With this, a rebuttal of effective communication is offered on the lines of how social networking sites create distractions due to the various channels that enable waste of time. However, this counter argument cannot overweigh the benefit that social networking encourages pupils to become active learners rather than mere consumers. According to Lai (2019), every high school student will have at least one social networking account in China by 2025. As a consequence, social networking has become an important part of education.

The ability to study online and participate in electronic social networking are two of the most significant benefits of social networking services. As social networking is promoted on practically every major e-learning website, including school-approved sites, traditional education is falling into oblivion (Yan et al., 2021). High school students in China may take lessons online via e-learning websites and improve their knowledge using social media platforms like Weibo, WeChat, Douyin, Zhihu, and the Little Red Book. However, a counter argument emerges that certain information sources on social networking sites are unconfirmed, which may lead to disinformation and deceit, must be highlighted as a major concern and a counter argument. Yet, even with this con, Pagán et al. (2021) point that one of the most significant advantages is the ability to investigate a wide range of topics during the learning process, thanks to the wealth of readily available information sources.

It is possible to increase student engagement by using social networking sites and applications. Throughout China, social networking has piqued the attention of millions of individuals, and the trend is only expected to continue. A similar strategy might be utilized to attract high school students’ attention to educational opportunities available at their respective institutions (Habibi et al., 2018). Weibo, WeChat, Douyin, Zhihu, and the Little Red Book are examples of social media platforms where students and teachers may share knowledge and ideas. The most significant downside is that social networking sites may be used to disseminate bullying and hate propaganda (Hou, 2015). These may have lasting consequences to young learners and could lead to physical harm. Nonetheless, online bullying is a part of social networking as much as there exist bullies in real life.

The ability to collaborate is another key benefit of social networking (Erfani & Abedin, 2018). High school students in China, according to a survey by Wang et al. (2018) may create partnerships to work together to achieve comparable goals in both academics and social life. Students may use social networking sites to obtain and share information from both within and outside the classroom. They also have the ability to create learning materials that are tailored to their own needs. Cooperation and learning may suffer if learners are exposed to inappropriate material (Zhang, Wang, & Huang, 2019; Ha et al., 2018), due to a lack of basic content screening mechanisms (Memon et al., 2018). Collaboration may turn into concern if proper information is not availed to high school students.

References

Erfani, S. S., & Abedin, B. (2018). Impacts of the use of social network sites on users’ psychological well‐being: A systematic review. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 69(7), 900-912. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24015

Ha, L., Joa, C. Y., Gabay, I., & Kim, K. (2018). Does college students’ social media use affect school e-mail avoidance and campus involvement? Internet Research, 28(1), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-11-2016-0346Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Riyanto, Y., Prasojo, L. D., Sulistiyo, U., Sofwan, M., & SAUDAGAR, F. (2018). Building an online community: Student teachers’ perceptions on the advantages of using social networking services in a teacher education program. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382663Hou, H. (2015). What makes an online community of practice work? A situated study of Chinese student teachers’ perceptions of online professional learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 46, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.005Kio, S. I. (2016). Extending social networking into the secondary education sector. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12259

Lai, C. (2019). The influence of extramural access to mainstream culture social media on ethnic minority students’ motivation for language learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1929-1941. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12693Memon, A., Sharma, S., Mohite, S., & Jain, S. (2018). The role of online social networking on deliberate self-harm and suicidality in adolescents: A systematized review of literature. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(4), 384. https://doi.10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_414_17Ng, T. K. (2021). New interpretation of extracurricular activities via social networking sites: A case study of artificial intelligence learning at a secondary school in Hong Kong. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 9(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v9i1.5105Pagán, F. J. B., Martínez, J. L., Máiquez, M. C. C., & Reche, I. S. C. (2021). Participation in social networks by secondary school students. Educación XX1, 24(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.26844Wang, P., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., … & Lei, L. (2018). Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.008Yan, L., Whitelock‐Wainwright, A., Guan, Q., Wen, G., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2021). Students’ experience of online learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A province‐wide survey study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 2038-2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13102

Zhang, S., Wang, X., & Huang, H. (2019). Research on the Factors Affecting the “Internet +” Reading Effects Among Primary and Middle School Students. 2019 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). https://doi.org/10.1109/iset.2019.00069

The benefits of Big Data Recommendation Systems on Different Platforms

Wang et al. (2020) provide a detailed analysis of the role of big data in the recommendation systems used in modern platforms including Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, and for retail sites. The focus of the article is on the composition of big data in data mining, data sharing, and data analysis. The large amounts of data are leveraged for financial gain and a better user experience for the end user. When applied to massive volumes of data, big data technology may be used for data mining, data analysis, and data sharing, among other things. By leveraging the value of data, big data technology has resulted in tremendous economic advantages for the companies that employ it (Wang et al., 2020). Additional benefits include the ability to assist in the formulation of social and economic policies. Information’s a new service economic model that treats data as a resource and then draws it from a range of different databases and other data sources to provide services to customers. This article is the most relevant I could find in relation to the study topic. This is because of how it relates components of big data with recommendation systems and the financial gain and better user experience that is expected.

A personalized shopping experience was always seen to be a luxury, but now businesses in a variety of industries are attempting to make their clients feel as if they are being treated like royalty at all times. With the help of big data, businesses now know their consumers better (Wang et al., 2020). As a result, understanding the idea and impact of recommendation systems is a must. Based on data analysis, a recommendation system recommends products, services, and information to customers. Recommendation systems, or recommendation engines, are data filtering tools that use machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to give the most relevant product to a specific client at the correct time. It will be easier to construct a recommendation engine if a corporation has a large amount of data. As a result, it may give suggestions for increasing revenue and consumer pleasure by giving relevant offers and a personalized purchasing experience.

In the advanced business world, competitiveness has led to innovativeness in every area of life. Wang et al., (2020) provide that big data serves to intensify that competition as people are becoming more predictable and recommendation systems are becoming more accurate by the day. For example, YouTube can now almost accurately predict what a person is interested in watching, including the tailored ads that are played mid-content. In recent years, big data technology has permeated every aspect of people’s lives and is now being used in a variety of industries, including healthcare and financial services, in the banking sector, on the internet marketplace, in the catering industry, in finance, in medical care, in the energy industry, for sports personnel, and in entertainment. Data collection technologies such as wireless sensor networks and big data processing techniques, for example, may one day be used to enable real-world applications such as driverless cars, new computer architectures, indoor localization systems, and road anomaly detection system to name a few examples.

The contribution of Wang et al. (2020) to the latest body of knowledge on big data and recommendation systems will pave the way for the next generation of research. It validates what is already public knowledge on the roles and benefits of big data, and how it will continue to change both the business and the personal user experience scene. Its heavy usage on social media platforms such as YouTube and Facebook will revolutionize how companies reach their target markets. The target industry, majorly platforms that are used for social networking and advertising, will benefit greatly in the near future.

References

Wang, J., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Sherratt, R. S., & Zhang, J. (2020). Big data service architecture: a

survey. Journal of Internet Technology, 21(2), 393-405.