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The Barriers to Women’s Participation as Game Designers and Developers

Introduction

Across societies, there is the stereotype that women do not play video games. However, this is far from the truth. While the gaming industry continues to grow and with many women begin to play the games, there are still very few female developers in the industry with efforts to diversify the industry curtailed by wide online harassment. A 2014 report by the Entertainment Software Association showed that the average gamer in the US is 35 years old, with 74% of the gaming population being more than 18 years and women gamers above 18 years accounting for 33%. The question here is, if there are plenty of women playing video games, why are they shying away from been involved in their development. The purpose of this essay is to assess the barriers hindering women’s participation in the development of video games.

The Online Harassment of Women Developers

The discussion of women’s involvement in the design of video games began to heat up in 2014 following the intimidation against women that spoke up against inequality in the video game industry in what was branded as the “Gamergate controversy”. The controversy began with Zoe Quinn, a 27-year-old who started receiving anonymous hateful emails. The threats are believed to have as a result of a game that she had developed known as Depression Quest. Some people were convinced that she had been given positive reviews which she did not deserve. The critics also believed that the theme of the game was rather progressive and did not have the escapism found traditionally in the videos that had been developed before such as fighting and shooting. By August 201, the harassment had escalated. Her then-boyfriend came out and wrote a blog post saying that Quinn had entered a sexual relationship with a popular journalist in exchange for positive reporting and coverage which informed the positive reviews. The supporters of Gamergate opposed this and viewed it as the growing influence on social justice and ideologies of feminism in the video game industry. This led to a press that was feminist in nature; it segregated the audiences of the traditional gamers. Observers referred to Gamergate as a depiction of the long-running war of cultures against the efforts of increasing diversity in a male-dominated community that targeted candid women. With the 2014 Entertainment Software Association conducted annually showing almost equal participation of men (52%) and women (48%), Gamergate is beginning to notice the shifting cultural identity of gamers. With the risk of online harassment, many women shy away from taking up careers in the gaming industry because they do not want to become victims of sexual harassment.

The Education Gap

The underrepresentation of women in the development of games is also linked to the fact that there is a huge gap between women and men in education. Because of the stereotypes that put it that the technology sector is a boy’s world, girls are less likely to view themselves as working in any roles whether advertising or development. As such, women are less likely to take up a career in technology-related fields as they do not feel as if they belong in the sector. Further, although some often get a chance to attend college, without a doubt women and particularly women of color are not likely to select Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects such as computer science. Recent research reports that about 17% of men graduate with STEM degrees compared to 6.7% of women (Hancock, and Mary, 2018). This points out that men are twice likely to become a video game developer than a woman. The common reasons behind this huge education gap have been linked to the various assumptions regarding the inherent capabilities of men and women, continued discrimination against women, and the lack of role models in these STEM fields.

Domestic Responsibilities Gap

The domestic duty of women at the family level is another reason behind the low participation of women in the design and development of video games. This follows the notion that careers in STEM and particularly programming are time-consuming because it takes an intense amount of time to work on a video game to completion, that is, about 50-70 hours a week. Despite the progress made in sharing domestic responsibilities, women continue to bear a larger burden of responsibilities despite working similar hours with their male counterparts. On average, women spend twice their time carrying out domestic activities such as cleaning, cooking, and taking care of the children. They struggle to balance between career and family responsibilities. The situation is even more dire for women that work in companies with little value for the family institution. They are forced to make hard choices that impact their careers. To address this issue requires government buy-in through reforms on maternity leave. Moreso, it comes down to sharing of responsibilities. At times, women even end up losing their jobs because childcare is rather expensive.

Lack of Role Models/Mentors

Another factor hindering women from taking part in the design and development of video games is the lack of role models. This is because there is a huge gap in the number of women leaders within the industry which rather discouraging. Furthermore, being a pioneer is hard because they find that they are the only women in the rooms which is daunting. Just like in the technical and scientific industries, women in the gaming industries encounter a lot of sexism which is even harder when you are the only woman in the room. Mentorship plays a critical role in increasing the uptake of STEM-related careers among minority groups. Professional mentors help in restoring confidence because, by virtue of being professionals in STEM, they assure young girls that look up to them that women too can excel in STEM. Unlike men, women go through many hurdles in their quest for having an established career. Listening to the advice of a woman who has ‘been there’done that’ vastly increases the ability of a woman to rise in their respective fields and to stay on course as success is possible. Additionally, multiple studies indicate that having a mentor significantly improves career opportunities as well as providing best practices for navigating career paths. If women do not have a person they can look up to and identify with, they tend to lose interest in the career. In so doing, gaming companies are also losing out on money and talent by not exercising diversity.

The Expectation Gap

Expectations play a critical role in informing the career path which both men and women take up in their careers. It is predominantly expected that video game designers will automatically be men and not women. Men hold more power and this leads to a self-perpetuated cycle. The notion that game developers are mostly men tends to have an impact on who gets hired in the business. Many people are wrongly convinced that women do not know much about games with some being convinced that they lack the necessary experience required for such an industry. Society through the process of socialization has taught us that women should be involved in the less risky and feminine careers such as in hospitality or teaching while men take up the more difficult careers such as the army, engineering among others. However, this is slowly changing over time with women coming out to prove that they are just as capable as their male counterparts. Notably, it is very common to come across men in bigger roles than the work they do. Further, men tend to benefit from people assuming they are capable. Recent studies show that men are given promotions based on their potential while women, of at all they get a promotion are judged on the basis of their previous accomplishments (Harvey, and Tamara, 495). In essence, men are promoted based on what they are yet to achieve. This brings inequality and disparity in the workforce. Further, men are more likely to get credit as a result of their achievements than women whose competence makes them unlikeable. As a result, women working in the gaming industry have no choice but to walk on the edge of a razor if they want to advance and rise across ranks at the workplace.

Conclusion

People believe that women do not play video games however this is far from the truth. The number of women involved in video games has been on the rise over the last few years. Notably, as recent as 2014, there was almost an equal number of women and men participating in video games. If the number of women is on the rise, it begs the question of why they are not as involved in the design and the development of video games. This is because they face some challenges when compared to their male counterparts. Women have lower educational qualifications because they rarely advance to college and the few that do, often do not take up STEM-related courses. They feel that the field is not for them because they have been told it is a boy’s world. Women also have to deal with sexual harassment. Women developers are bullied and sent threats and hateful emails to discourage them from entering and dominating the field. There are also gaps in expectations and domestic responsibilities which further limit women’s participation in the fields. Notably, the lack of role models and mentors in the video game fields also discourages young girls whose wish is to become a developer from joining the profession.

Works Cited

Hancock, Meg G., and Mary A. Hums. “A “leaky pipeline”?: Factors affecting the career development of senior-level female administrators in NCAA Division I athletic departments.” Sport Management Review 19.2 (2016): 198-210.

Harvey, Alison, and Tamara Shepherd. “When passion isn’t enough: gender, affect and credibility in digital games design.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 20.5 (2017): 492-508.

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The Beatles’ “Twist and Shout”

The Beatles’ “Twist and Shout” is one of their most distinctly rock and roll songs. Philadelphia R&B vocal group The Top Notes initially recorded the song in 1961. The tempo of this rock music is fast. Also, the song’s tone is upbeat. This is conveyed via the use of a captivating tune and a quick pace by the performer. This sentiment is echoed in the song’s lyrics. In general, a song on a pleasant mood is likely to be in a major key or scale. Aside from the vocals and the two guitars that make up this rock ensemble, there is a drumset, a bass line, and one drum kit. Clapping was a part of the music, too. Since all instruments and vocals are playing a single song at the same time, the texture is homophobic (Elliott and Loving).

The interesting thing about this live rock music is that there is an instrumental introduction that lasts four bars and generates a sense of suspense and anticipation. The 16-bar first verse, which has a question-and-answer delivery, follows. It is immediately followed by the second 16 bar verse, which has only minor changes to the lyrics (Elliott and Loving). The next portion of the song is the bridge, which is a 14-bar two-part piece. Eight bars of instrumental music precede the last six bars of the song’s climactic vocal arpeggio, which returns the song to the first verse’s third verse, which is also an exact duplicate of the first verse’s vocal arpeggio.

Popularity is built on the foundation of “Twist And Shout.” There’s nothing quite like “Let It Be” to thrill a crowd, and it’s this song’s chaotic character, particularly the song’s climax vocal chord, which appears twice (Elliott and Loving).

Works Cited

Elliott, Megan Catherine, and Lauren Loving. “Exploring the Cultural Influence of the Beatles through Dance.” Oaktrust.library.tamu.edu, 24 July 2021, oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/194401. Accessed 29 Apr. 2022.

The benefit of social networking for learning among high school student in China

Weibo, WeChat and other social media platforms have become an integral part of everyday life for Chinese students. A significant benefit of social networking sites is that they serve as a modern-day communication channel that can be used for a variety of purposes. Using social networking sites, Ng (2021) reports that Hong Kong high school students can connect more effectively and efficiently with their classmates, instructors, and other stakeholders in the learning and teaching process. It’s crucial for students and teachers to communicate effectively. It will be difficult to teach and learn effectively without strong communication (Kio, 2016). Students may connect with one another, as well as their friends, coworkers, classmates, family, and professors, over the internet. With this, a rebuttal of effective communication is offered on the lines of how social networking sites create distractions due to the various channels that enable waste of time. However, this counter argument cannot overweigh the benefit that social networking encourages pupils to become active learners rather than mere consumers. According to Lai (2019), every high school student will have at least one social networking account in China by 2025. As a consequence, social networking has become an important part of education.

The ability to study online and participate in electronic social networking are two of the most significant benefits of social networking services. As social networking is promoted on practically every major e-learning website, including school-approved sites, traditional education is falling into oblivion (Yan et al., 2021). High school students in China may take lessons online via e-learning websites and improve their knowledge using social media platforms like Weibo, WeChat, Douyin, Zhihu, and the Little Red Book. However, a counter argument emerges that certain information sources on social networking sites are unconfirmed, which may lead to disinformation and deceit, must be highlighted as a major concern and a counter argument. Yet, even with this con, Pagán et al. (2021) point that one of the most significant advantages is the ability to investigate a wide range of topics during the learning process, thanks to the wealth of readily available information sources.

It is possible to increase student engagement by using social networking sites and applications. Throughout China, social networking has piqued the attention of millions of individuals, and the trend is only expected to continue. A similar strategy might be utilized to attract high school students’ attention to educational opportunities available at their respective institutions (Habibi et al., 2018). Weibo, WeChat, Douyin, Zhihu, and the Little Red Book are examples of social media platforms where students and teachers may share knowledge and ideas. The most significant downside is that social networking sites may be used to disseminate bullying and hate propaganda (Hou, 2015). These may have lasting consequences to young learners and could lead to physical harm. Nonetheless, online bullying is a part of social networking as much as there exist bullies in real life.

The ability to collaborate is another key benefit of social networking (Erfani & Abedin, 2018). High school students in China, according to a survey by Wang et al. (2018) may create partnerships to work together to achieve comparable goals in both academics and social life. Students may use social networking sites to obtain and share information from both within and outside the classroom. They also have the ability to create learning materials that are tailored to their own needs. Cooperation and learning may suffer if learners are exposed to inappropriate material (Zhang, Wang, & Huang, 2019; Ha et al., 2018), due to a lack of basic content screening mechanisms (Memon et al., 2018). Collaboration may turn into concern if proper information is not availed to high school students.

References

Erfani, S. S., & Abedin, B. (2018). Impacts of the use of social network sites on users’ psychological well‐being: A systematic review. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 69(7), 900-912. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24015

Ha, L., Joa, C. Y., Gabay, I., & Kim, K. (2018). Does college students’ social media use affect school e-mail avoidance and campus involvement? Internet Research, 28(1), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-11-2016-0346Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Riyanto, Y., Prasojo, L. D., Sulistiyo, U., Sofwan, M., & SAUDAGAR, F. (2018). Building an online community: Student teachers’ perceptions on the advantages of using social networking services in a teacher education program. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 46-61. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.382663Hou, H. (2015). What makes an online community of practice work? A situated study of Chinese student teachers’ perceptions of online professional learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 46, 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.005Kio, S. I. (2016). Extending social networking into the secondary education sector. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12259

Lai, C. (2019). The influence of extramural access to mainstream culture social media on ethnic minority students’ motivation for language learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1929-1941. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12693Memon, A., Sharma, S., Mohite, S., & Jain, S. (2018). The role of online social networking on deliberate self-harm and suicidality in adolescents: A systematized review of literature. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(4), 384. https://doi.10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_414_17Ng, T. K. (2021). New interpretation of extracurricular activities via social networking sites: A case study of artificial intelligence learning at a secondary school in Hong Kong. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 9(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v9i1.5105Pagán, F. J. B., Martínez, J. L., Máiquez, M. C. C., & Reche, I. S. C. (2021). Participation in social networks by secondary school students. Educación XX1, 24(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.26844Wang, P., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Xie, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., … & Lei, L. (2018). Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.008Yan, L., Whitelock‐Wainwright, A., Guan, Q., Wen, G., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2021). Students’ experience of online learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A province‐wide survey study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 2038-2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13102

Zhang, S., Wang, X., & Huang, H. (2019). Research on the Factors Affecting the “Internet +” Reading Effects Among Primary and Middle School Students. 2019 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). https://doi.org/10.1109/iset.2019.00069

The benefits of Big Data Recommendation Systems on Different Platforms

Wang et al. (2020) provide a detailed analysis of the role of big data in the recommendation systems used in modern platforms including Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, and for retail sites. The focus of the article is on the composition of big data in data mining, data sharing, and data analysis. The large amounts of data are leveraged for financial gain and a better user experience for the end user. When applied to massive volumes of data, big data technology may be used for data mining, data analysis, and data sharing, among other things. By leveraging the value of data, big data technology has resulted in tremendous economic advantages for the companies that employ it (Wang et al., 2020). Additional benefits include the ability to assist in the formulation of social and economic policies. Information’s a new service economic model that treats data as a resource and then draws it from a range of different databases and other data sources to provide services to customers. This article is the most relevant I could find in relation to the study topic. This is because of how it relates components of big data with recommendation systems and the financial gain and better user experience that is expected.

A personalized shopping experience was always seen to be a luxury, but now businesses in a variety of industries are attempting to make their clients feel as if they are being treated like royalty at all times. With the help of big data, businesses now know their consumers better (Wang et al., 2020). As a result, understanding the idea and impact of recommendation systems is a must. Based on data analysis, a recommendation system recommends products, services, and information to customers. Recommendation systems, or recommendation engines, are data filtering tools that use machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to give the most relevant product to a specific client at the correct time. It will be easier to construct a recommendation engine if a corporation has a large amount of data. As a result, it may give suggestions for increasing revenue and consumer pleasure by giving relevant offers and a personalized purchasing experience.

In the advanced business world, competitiveness has led to innovativeness in every area of life. Wang et al., (2020) provide that big data serves to intensify that competition as people are becoming more predictable and recommendation systems are becoming more accurate by the day. For example, YouTube can now almost accurately predict what a person is interested in watching, including the tailored ads that are played mid-content. In recent years, big data technology has permeated every aspect of people’s lives and is now being used in a variety of industries, including healthcare and financial services, in the banking sector, on the internet marketplace, in the catering industry, in finance, in medical care, in the energy industry, for sports personnel, and in entertainment. Data collection technologies such as wireless sensor networks and big data processing techniques, for example, may one day be used to enable real-world applications such as driverless cars, new computer architectures, indoor localization systems, and road anomaly detection system to name a few examples.

The contribution of Wang et al. (2020) to the latest body of knowledge on big data and recommendation systems will pave the way for the next generation of research. It validates what is already public knowledge on the roles and benefits of big data, and how it will continue to change both the business and the personal user experience scene. Its heavy usage on social media platforms such as YouTube and Facebook will revolutionize how companies reach their target markets. The target industry, majorly platforms that are used for social networking and advertising, will benefit greatly in the near future.

References

Wang, J., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Sherratt, R. S., & Zhang, J. (2020). Big data service architecture: a

survey. Journal of Internet Technology, 21(2), 393-405.

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The Benefits of the Legalization of Marijuana

Introduction

Statistics show that 95, 000 individuals die annually, including 27, 000 women and 68, 000 women. These individuals did not die due to marijuana use but rather from a drug that is much more accessible nationally; alcohol. The consumption of marijuana has always carried a hostile and unfair stigma. Marijuana has been deemed a ‘getaway drug’ for some years now. The drug has also been at the center of media attention following its legalization. As more states legalize marijuana, there seems to be growing debate as to its regular availability. Ever since marijuana was approved for recreational use ten years ago, politicians have kept pushing for rejections of its national legalization. However, the stigma associated with its use has not transformed much since the notion of recreation use was first introduced. However, as more studies are conducted, the more it gets normalized and individuals with negative viewpoints will begin to see its benefits. As the drug continues to be legalized, society will begin to experience its benefits first-hand and eventually do away with the negative stigma that comes with its use. This essay delves into the benefits of the legalization of marijuana.

Background

Across the United States, the use of marijuana is prohibited at the federal level. This is despite several states passing laws that allow for its recreational and medical use. As of May 2002, the use of medical cannabis products is legal in 37 states, while 18 other states permit its use for non-medical products and personal consumption (Axisa, 13). States continue to propose new laws that encourage legal activity. Worth noting, the 2020 presidential elections that took place in November took the attention of cannabis legalization. Several important decisions were made at the polls where numerous states voted for the determination of the future of the legal marijuana industry in one form or another. Several states, including New Jersey, Montana, South Dakota, and Arizona borrowed a leaf from Washington’s or Colorado’s book to legalize marijuana consumption for recreational purposes. Since then, state legalization on the matter remains heavily divided. After the November elections, Judge Christina Klinger, a South Dakota Judge, ruled the measure unconstitutional. South Dakota’s Supreme Court ruled against the legalization of marijuana while Arizona in contrast collected over $284 in tax revenue from its legalization. The economic benefits of legalizing marijuana outweigh the disadvantages as evidenced in the move of the first states to change positions.

Income and Improved Job Opportunities

One of the benefits of the legalization of marijuana is that it creates more job opportunities for people because it pumps more money into the economy. In 2019 alone, the United States recorded up to $12.2 billion in annual sales (Bradford and David, 75). At the time, only 11 states had legalized recreational use of marijuana. Since 2019, four more states have made the move to legalize marijuana for recreational purposes. As the years go by, more states are decriminalizing marijuana, enabling states and the country to make money. For instance, in Massachusetts alone, cannabis retailers report gross sales of up to $393 million. Notably, customers spent $2.2 million within the first five days of marijuana legalization alone. In Nevada, it is anticipated that up to 41, 000 additional jobs will be available by 2024. This is expected to bring up to $1.7 billion dollars in income which is estimated at around $42, 500 annually. However, the national legalization of marijuana would translate into about 1 million jobs by the end of 2025. The jobs created would be in the production process of cannabis that goes into its production including cultivation, distribution, and sales. These jobs would boost not only the economy but also ignite an untapped field of study for the workforce and education.

Elimination of the Black Market

Another benefit of legalizing marijuana is that it helps eliminate the black market of marijuana sales. According to a survey done by the Colorado Consumers Coalition, people will still find other illicit means of buying marijuana even though it is illegal (Collingwood, Ben, and Sarah, 3). The marijuana black market remains as popular as ever, and even with increased legalization, the number of consumers purchasing through illegal means will also increase. The same study found that consuming marijuana the legal way is 40% more expensive than purchasing it off the black market. This is an indication that consumers would rather buy it the old-fashioned way on the black market than using legal means and this has a lot to do with the negative stigma associated with its use.

Improved Tax

The third benefit of the legalization of marijuana has to do with increased tax revenue. Washington and Colorado have recorded better sales than anticipated in regard to the buoyant tax revenues. Washington collected $559.5 million is legal revenue from marijuana in 2021, which is $85 million more than the previous year. Colorado collected over 423 million in marijuana tax revenue in 2021, a 10% increase from the previous year. The total tax revenue collected from all states in 2019 was $1.7 billion. The total revenue has more than doubled in the last two years. The aggregate revenue for states that have permitted marijuana use got t the $3.7 billion mark for adult-use sales. This is excluding the revenue that is generated for towns, cities, and statewide budgets. Additionally, the figure also excluded six states who had decriminalized its use and had not begun collecting tax revenue for 2021. A study by New Frontier cannabis analytics shows that by 2025, legal marijuana can generate an extra $105.6 billion in federal tax.

Increased Investment Opportunities

Another benefit of the legalization of marijuana is better investment opportunities. The legalization of marijuana comes with a possibility of immense benefits for local and national economies. Decriminalizing marijuana use could be useful in securing investors from various areas of the country. While cannabis use remains illegal at federal levels, investors find it difficult to build on the growth taking place in the industry. The number of companies relating to marijuana that are trading on public stock exchanges is little, and while investors have an option of using over-the-counter exchanges, many successful businesses in the early cannabis spaces base their operations in Canada and other countries (Fasesan, 165). If marijuana was to become legalized on a national level, companies would have the freedom to list stocks in United States exchanges hence building liquidity and paving the way for more investors. If the growth rate of the marijuana space keeps up at the same pace as in the recent years, there is a possibility that investors will develop an interest in the industry.

Minimizes the Side Effects of Other Illnesses

Another benefit of medical marijuana is that it reduces the side effect of other illnesses, such as cancer and AIDS. These chronic illnesses are destructive on the body and have side effects such as extremely low appetite and headaches. However, medical professionals discovered that THC-based drugs tend to have the same effect as other plant-based medications. THC, the psychoactive component in cannabis has been found to stimulate receptors responsible for controlling appetite (Settas, 22). Specifically, THC stimulates the CB1 receptor which is affected by such harsh diseases and does not function well. The medications based on THC stimulate the CB1 receptors in patients igniting them to their normal eating habits.

Saves on Money

Another benefit of the legalization of marijuana is that it helps in saving money. Considering the monetary benefits of decriminalizing marijuana, it is critical to think of how much money might be saved and the revenue that can be generated in the process. As of now, the enforcement of marijuana costs the federal government numerous billion dollars annually. An American Civil Liberties Union 2013 study estimates the costs to be about $3.6 billion annually. As more states continue legalizing marijuana, the costs of enforcement are more likely to reduce (Grech, 46). If marijuana were made legal on a national level, the costs would even drop more considerably. Additionally, if marijuana was no longer considered a controlled substance, there would be fewer cases pertaining to the substance going to trial leading to fewer incarcerations and by extension, more money would be saved. Legal marijuana would also benefit the medical consumer of marijuana-based products. This is because as more states continue to legalize marijuana, its price is likely to reduce overall because of commoditization. While this might not seem as good news immediately, people consuming cannabis-based products are likely to benefit from the lower prices.

Benefits Patients Suffering From Brain Dysfunctions

Another benefit of the legalization of marijuana is that it benefits patients battling chronic brain dysfunctions. Marijuana has been known to improve the condition of Alzheimer’s disease. In small doses, THC consumption slows down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, giving the patient more time (Homel, and Rick 20). Marijuana has been known to impede beta-amyloid, which has been commonly thought to trigger the illness. While marijuana has not been proven to boost memory that is already affected by the illness, it plays a critical role in regressing the illness. Marijuana decreases beta-amyloid concentration and curtails the inflammation of the brain. These benefits people presenting with the Alzheimer’s disease as it gives doctors and researchers time to find a potential cure for something different that can help.

Benefits Patients with Health Complications

Another benefit of the legalization of marijuana is that it is beneficial to patients that have health complications. Medical marijuana is used to manage pain in health complications such as arthritis, migraines and fibromyalgia (Hall et al., 1580). It functions through cannabinoids that adjust the pain pathways in the brain. This produces a feeling of euphoria and not pain and this is due to the nerves that sense pain. The nerves contain high cannabinoid receptors. As the patient ingests cannabinoids, they plant themselves on receptors so as to initiate the feeling of relief. It was also shown in a study carried out in 1981 that when cannabis is used as a low-dosage opiate, it relieves pain effectively. However, using opiates in current studies is not a long-term solution.

Beneficial to Victims of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Another benefit of the legalization of marijuana is that it has proved beneficial to patients presenting with PTSD. PTSD pushes its victims to results to strategies such as anxiety or panic attacks or having visions about the traumatic incident as a way of relieving the trauma. Marijuana helps such patients through stimulating CB1 receptor cells and the endocannabinoid system located in their brains. The Endocannabinoid system controls bodily functions such as memory, stress, mood, and pain. Through stimulating the system and CBI receptor, it enables individuals to cope with trauma in a positive way.

Conclusion

In closing, the legalization of marijuana for recreational use has a plethora of benefits for users and even the nation. Legalizing marijuana creates job opportunities, eliminates the black market, increases taxes, and brings more opportunities of opportunities. Additionally, legalizing marijuana helps save money and manage chronic illnesses, including cancer, AIDS, arthritis, PTSD, and brain dysfunctions like Alzheimer’s. While there are also downsides that come with legalizing marijuana, it goes without saying that its benefits outweigh the disadvantages. This topic of legalization is faced with backlash from minds that do not believe in its legalization. Moving forward, it is key for people to keep an open mind on the matter so as not to miss out on the many ways that marijuana has made life better. Hopefully, in the future, people can reduce the negative stigma associated with its source and focus on the positive outcomes.

Works Cited

Axisa, Liam. “A comparative approach to the legalization of marijuana in Malta-an analysis of policies and economic effects of regulation.” (2020).

Bradford, Ashley C., and W. David Bradford. “Factors driving the diffusion of medical marijuana legalization in the United States.” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 24.1 (2017): 75-84.

Collingwood, Loren, Ben Gonzalez O’Brien, and Sarah Dreier. “Evaluating ballot initiative support for legalised marijuana: The case of Washington.” International Journal of Drug Policy 56 (2018): 6-20.

Fasesan, O. A. “Legalisation and Liberalization of Cannabis: The Benefits and Drawbacks of the Global Trend.” Annals of Health Research 8.3 (2022): 165-176.

Grech, Francesca. Legalizing marijuana for medical purposes: costs and benefits. BS thesis. University of Malta, 2018.

Hall, Wayne, et al. “Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use.” The Lancet 394.10208 (2019): 1580-1590.

Homel, Peter, and Rick Brown. “Marijuana legalisation in the United States: an Australian perspective.” Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice [electronic resource] 535 (2017): 1-20.

Settas, Andrea. An Analysis of the Potential Fiscal and Health Benefits of the Legalisation of the Sale of Marijuana in South Africa. MS thesis. Faculty of Commerce, 2021.

WRTG 394

Week 5 Assignment

Formal Research Based Proposal

Table of Contents:

Introduction

Body of the proposal

Conclusion

Introduction:

The Associate Student Body of my old high school has been facing a problem for as long as I can remember. The ASB has been fighting a dilemma of underfunding for years now, and it has really put a hold on the high school experiences of many different kids at school. The problems I am referring to stem from the low attendance rate, which leads to underfunding for all departments of the school. Personally I was in many different organizations throughout my high school career. I played sports, sang in the choir, and even was elected Vice President of the entire school. My experiences at the high school were much different than that of the average high school student. Typically in your average high school class there are more than 500 people just in a single grade, at my high school I graduated with 17 others in total. Our school was small and underfunded, but it provided me a great education. Spending my almost my whole academic career at this school (2nd Grade – 12th Grade) I can definitely speak on behalf of the school and say with confidence that some aspects of the school were incredible while others were lacking terribly.

The particular aspect that I feel most needs to be addressed at my old high school was an issue with the ASB not being able to attain any funding for school wide events. The ASB at the beginning of the school year started with an average budget of between $500 and $1000 dollars. This was usually a bank left by the ASB of the previous year to help get the new ASB off to a running start. This amount of money is trivial when we realize that with this money has to be used to run most of the school events, and by the end of the year you have to have the same amount of money you started with. The initial funding of the ASB was usually used to purchase snacks and food for school wide events. Each day the ASB was allowed to sell snacks at the 15 minute break during the day. The snacks being sold usually consisted of candy bars, muffins, chips, soda, and water. These were mandated to be sold at a low price averaging between 50 and 75 cents per items. These low prices allowed students to be able to snack on something in the middle of the day for a low price. However with prices like these the ASB made little profit.

Usually with small profits which were limited further by the amounts of sales which averaged between $25 and $100. The ASB pulled in a daily revenue, but frequently most of the money was put back into product costs. This left the ASB underfunded and unable to plan certain high school events such as Homecoming, Spring Formal, Sadie Hawkins Dance, and more. The ASB was not granted any tuition funding from the school and was therefore unable to plan nice events that the high school students deserved. To combat this problem the ASB initiated school wide fundraisers by sending “grams” during the holidays. Students were able to send letters from other students by buying gram from the ASB who then distributed the grams with a piece of candy. This made some initial profits for the ASB, but didn’t amount to the $1000’s of dollars needed to plan events that the ASB was responsible for.

Finally the ASB came up with a way to make money that both the students enjoyed, and was profitable. The ASB began to do BBQ’s one Friday a month and ran them for profit. Students were able to purchase hamburgers, chips, and drinks, and more for a low price that offered the ASB some room to make some money. This BBQ’s proved to be very profitable for the ASB, and began to run BBQ’s on multiple Friday’s a month. Soon thereafter the school contested the BBQ’s because students were no longer buying the school provided lunches. The school was making money off of the lunches, but it was minuscule compared to the amount that the ASB was able to make for its Friday BBQ’s. The ASB’s funding was again cut off. This cutting off of funds left the ASB dry without money. This forced the ASB to charge students outrageous prices to come to dances and other events. Outraged by this I decided to write a proposal that outlined why the school should either provide a yearly budget to the ASB for events or allow the ASB the opportunity to make money from the school wide BBQ’s.

Proposal:

To: School Principal

From: Name Here (Previous member of the ASB)

The purpose of this memo is to ask for funding for the ASB and its school related activities. The ASB has worked tremendously hard to provide an environment enjoyable to high school students of Calvary Christian School. The ASB currently has enough funding to run day to day school wide activities, however with the recent limiting of the school wide BBQ’s the amount of funding for after school activities has dropped. The ASB cannot provide decent events for high school students.

The ASB needs to be provided with the ability to subsidize its own events or it needs to have funding provided by the school. The ASB has in the past ran BBQ’s for profit and been able to subsidize after school events by acquiring funds from the students who wish to have a good school lunch. Currently the school provides lunches each day of the week for a price of $4.00 per lunch, however recently the ASB has been debunked of its Friday BBQ’s because it has been dipping into the school’s lunch revenue. The ASB brings in an average of $400 in revenue each Friday it has a BBQ, however the school averages about $100 in revenue from its daily BBQ’s, this amount to $500 a week, or $400 a week if the ASB runs its BBQ’s on Fridays. The ASB would like to purpose that it be allowed to run its Friday BBQ’s or have the school subsidize the ASB its $400 a week.

In the past the ASB was able to run BBQ’s and subsidize its cost for 3 annual school dances. The average cost of these dances was around $4500 each that must be provided for by the ASB. This is to keep ticket prices low and around $40 per individual who wishes to attend any dance. These dances usually have around 100 attendees and results in a total cost of around $8500 for an event. These events are held 3 times a year. Previously the ASB was making on average about $1600 a month from school BBQ’s however now that the funding from BBQ’s has been removed the school dances can no longer be paid for by the ASB. Over the course of 3 months of BBQ’s the ASB was able to provide for the costs of the school dances. However now that the BBQ’s are being stopped the ASB can no longer afford to provide for the BBQ’s. I would purpose that the school would either decide to subsidize the ASB’s school dances at the cost of $4500 per dance or allow us to continue having the school BBQ’s to fund our events.

I would further propose that if the school is truly upset about the revenue being lost from the lunch meals that the ASB would pay the school a dividend of $100 a week to be able to perform the school BBQ’s. This would be a comprisable point between the two arguments at stake. This way the ASB is still able to make an average of $300 off of its weekly BBQ’s, and the school does not take a $100 week revenue hit.

The ASB can no longer provide school dances for the students without some sort of compromise on this issue. Please consider funding our school dances or allowing us to be able to conduct the weekly BBQ’s. Without these school dances, morale of students would decrease and could possibly end up with even less students being able to come to the school. Right now the school is running most of its extracurricular programs with an extremely low budget. The ASB would like to be able to continue the dances without impacting the school’s budget at all.

I hope this proposal finds you well and you would consider allowing our Associate Student Body to continue running our weekly BBQ’s.

Thank you for your time and support,

Name Here

ASB Vice President

Conclusion:

In conclusion I would hope that the final matter of this issue to be decided would be that the school principal allows the ASB to continue to host the weekly BBQ’s for the school. With these BBQ’s the ASB would be able to raise the funds necessary for the extracurricular dance, and it would donate money to the school so as to not interrupt the weekly revenue flow from the lunch plan.

References and Graphics:

The Atomic Café

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The Atomic Café

The atomic café is a 1982 American movie and it covers the issues to do with the cold war and the issue of the atomic bomb. It is a very well thought out movie and acts to bring out the truth about the American government about how it maintained the peace of the country and made sure that no one was that much concerned even when things seemed different and difficult in terms of the country’s relation with other countries and war. The movie uses real videos like military training videos, newsreels and other footage. The most surprising thing in the movie is how it uses dark humor to present issues (Rizvi, 2014).

Through dark humor, the issues being resented as not entirely seen as difficult or so scary as most people would expect. The fear of atomic bombs affected the lives of Americans in a greatly negative manner. For instance, the Americans lived in fear about atomic bombs around the time when they were being produced and because of this, the people were somehow blaming the government for the events that were taking place at that time. I think the film is one of the greatest films produced since with original material it becomes very easy to make people believe or even understand what was happening (Rizvi, 2014). The original material used in making the films makes the film so relatable as some of the things presented and places remain the same even up to today and this makes the film closer to the audience than the others.

Reference

Rizvi, W. R. (2014). The Atomic Café (1982): Nuclear Paranoia in a Cold War Classic.

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport Project

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Background of the Organization and Project

After the 1991 German reunification, Berlin’s new airport master plan was relatively plain and straightforward. The airport was supposed to serve almost twenty-two million passengers per annum, with a peak capacity of around six thousand passengers per hour. The cost of completing the project was not supposed to exceed one billion euros. The initial opening was scheduled at the turn of the new millennium. None of these goals were achieved. A long row of mostly unfiltered change requests contributed to frequent delays regarding the actual opening dates. There were significant cost overruns, which eventually led to a full rebuild of the airport’s main terminal. Air traffic demand has significantly increased since 2012, with the increase still being witnessed. This is because Berlin is still an attractive destination for tourists and business travelers.

What was expected to become the busiest German airport had ended up becoming a disastrous tale of how infrastructural and construction projects could quickly fail. It was projected that forty-five million passengers would use the airport on an annual basis, and it was supposed to replace the Tegel and Schoenefeld airports within Berlin. The key shareholders of the Federal Republic, Brandenburg, and Berlin agreed to establish the airport in 1996. It was proposed immediately after the German unification of 1990. Schoenefeld was selected as the best location for the project because of its closeness to Berlin and the availability of 3600 acres of free land. After pre-planning and the initial feasibility, which took almost fifteen years, the project’s construction began in 2006. It was proposed that the airport would take half a decade to construct, with 30th October 2011 being the target opening date, but the project was yet to open almost seven years later. The second opening date was pushed further to October 2020. It was initially supposed to be an airport that will be operated and owned by a private investor. This was, however, changed to public sector partners or BBF. This served as the first indicator for the team tasked with managing the project to identify and rectify whatever was wrong during the pre-planning phase of the airport construction.

Discussion of standard Criteria

Standard criteria for evaluating the success or failure of a project include whether or not the project was within budget, deadlines, and sustainability (Atkinson, 1999). For a project to be deemed a success, it should be completed within budget, the set deadline, and be sustainable in the long run (Thomsett, 2002). A failed project would experience budgetary overshoots, delay its completion and not be sustainable.

Critical Identification and Justification of the criteria

I believe that the criteria that would be deemed appropriate to evaluate this project are whether it was within its initial budget and was delivered on time. The justification for these criteria is because they are easily measurable and would adversely affect most of the stakeholders of the project (Duncan, 2004).

Critical Analysis

The project did not attain the discussed criteria due to various factors that were avoidable. The outcome of the airport was a disaster economically, including the significant damage that it caused to Germany’s reputation as a country that is renowned for having industrious and efficient people. A critical analysis of the events from a hindsight point of view highlights some of the factors that did the project not be completed within budget and within the set deadline. One of these factors includes the issue that there were very many and diverse interested stakeholders. In a project this large, the involvement of numerous stakeholders and their diverse interests is significant (Cleland and Ireland, 2010. Difficulties arose during the project’s initial years when there were queries regarding who owned the project. It was initially decided that the airport would be privately owned and operated. After a twelve-year period of planning, this idea was shelved, and it was instead decided that the airport would state-owned. It was supposed to be operated by the Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg (FBB). The German Federal Government, Brandenburg State, the airlines, the city mayor, the workers, the passengers, the citizens of Berlin, and the other older airports within the city were also interested stakeholders. The more the number of stakeholders, the more complex the project and the more effort required in change management and communication matters (Coronado and Antony, 2002). On top of this, in most critical projects, there is usually at least one stakeholder that would be glad that a project did not succeed. It could be assumed that some of the main stakeholders at the city’s Schoenfeld and Tegen airports did not mind the endemic delays or did not pay critical attention as to why such delays were taking place.

The scope of the project was also subjected to numerous major changes. Project scope refers to the part of a project’s planning that involves documenting and determining an outline of critical project deliverables, goals, functions, features, deadlines, tasks, and ultimately goals (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). The most challenging phase is to successfully deliver the project based on the initial plan whenever there are several changes in scope. Berlin’s Brandenburg Airport is a perfect example of scope creep or numerous scope changes. One case occurred when as the construction was taking place, one of the critical stakeholders, the airport management company’s general manager, requested the architects to add southern and northern piers to the primary terminal. This turned it from a rectangular shape to a U shape and significantly enlarged the floor space area. During a later phase of the project, the general manager, with the aim of making the airport to be similar to the Dubai luxury mall, requested to incorporate into the initial plan another level that would be filled with food courts, boutiques, and shops. These frequent and significant alterations in the project’s scope ended up delaying and increasing the costs over and above the initially projected figures.

The project was plagued with incompetence and incapable management. Top directors and their supervisors failed to formulate plans that reflected appropriate assumptions touching on uncertain issues about the airport’s commercial model. The initial estimations on the airport’s projected passenger demand were significantly inaccurate and low. Initially, the airport planned to handle twenty-two million passengers per year. Presently, the two other airports in the city are serving passenger volumes of 27 million per annum. Even before the project’s groundbreaking, it had become obvious that the new airport would not have the capacity to fulfill the expected demand. However, the project had already passed the point of no return since the master plan had already been approved. The fact that it was a publicly-funded project meant that the master plan could not be altered at this juncture. Any radical plan changes touching on critical design elements would be considered a failure by the public. In the German political arena, face-saving was at the time valued more than financial and economic survival.

The floor plans only allowed for relatively short passenger walkways and a single-level layout. This was to ensure there was ground-level space for the installation of technical equipment and luggage handling. Most of the modern airport business models concentrate on boutiques, shop revenues, eateries, etc. These business models call for shopping mall layouts. Separation of departures from arrivals is commonly attained by employing double-level passenger logistics. Airflow systems, luggage systems, etc. should be located on the rooftops or at the underground section. In a short-sighted and poorly informed attempt to minimize costs, only two main floor levels had been planned. The new modern and dynamic Airbus 380 aircraft was introduced within the airline industry. Catering for the needs of such an airplane had been regarded as a clear priority right from the initial announcement.

Engineering firms that had been tasked with designing and constructing the project’s large and futuristic integrated fire protection and air ventilation system conspired with technical design offices and architects contracted to plan and run the facilities at the airport. The firms convinced one another that any kind of unresolved queries touching on the complexities of the airflow control interactions with disposal of smoke could be deal with ‘on the fly’ during equipment installation. On top of that, architects and airport designers colluded with the project’s passenger logistics planners. Eventually, potential shop owners and airport management convinced one another of the overall airport layout’s scalability. They assumed that the original plans could be altered at minimal costs in case of an expansion in demand and passenger traffic.

Communication is also one of the most critical tasks whenever a project is being done. Communication also entails sharing the correct information to the intended people through the right channels on the project’s status (Davis, 2014). The mayor of the city at the time, Klaus Wowereit, who also doubled up as the project’s sponsor and the supervisory board’s chairman, was accused of pretending that there were no issues during the airport’s construction. He maintained this stance even as the situation worsened. This lack of acknowledgment of the dire situation provided the impression that there was no reason to act. The mayor was removed from the post in 2013. Project leaders should not be afraid of addressing and communicating information about any bad news to the project’s stakeholders.

There were also ineffective quality tests. Quality inspections and tests unearthed two critical issues. First of all, the airport terminal’s alarm and fire protection systems were not constructed according to the construction permit or the required building codes. The other issue is that the smoke extractor fans that were supposed to be used were not effective. There are extensive reconstructions that have been planned to correct this situation. Quality checks are usually planned throughout a project to evaluate and make sure that the final project meets all the deliverables. The airport project eventually encountered numerous quality issues. This is surprising, bearing the fact that Germany is a country that has a reputation of focusing on high-quality standards and reputations. Official reports state that there were over 66,000 defects, with 34,000 of these defects being described as significant and over five thousand of the defects classified as critical.

Suggestions and Recommendations

Based on the report and information discussed pertaining to the project’s failure, this section outlines some of the actionable recommendations and suggestions to be incorporated in future similar projects. During the initial phases of layout structuring and design, it is important to consider both optimistic and pessimistic consequences and develop the plans accordingly. There should be a plan for comprehensive and early identification of critical issues that need to be dealt with. Effective management decisions should be made under a veil of uncertainty and effective execution of crucial decisions.

The project managers should consider the worst-case scenarios as the most likely to occur. Misled project managers tend to believe that the worst-case scenarios are the exceptions and not the rule. When conducting a risk assessment, it is crucial to consider all the likely risks and come up with the action items for every item when such risks trigger. When formulating scenarios and seeking the worst case, project analysts habit of limiting their scope to ‘much better than expected’ and ‘bad.’ The engineers should ensure an acceptable level of functionality. This could be attained by completely separating automated passenger emergency control, air conditioning systems, smoke disposals, and fire extinguishing equipment both in their operational control and physically. Integration of such systems often comes with substantial costs and complexities. Generally, it is important to look for the significant benefits linked with the investment costs instead of looking at the project’s total costs.

Conclusions

No large engineering construction project has ever been completed without significant issues, and the Berlin airport is no different in this aspect. However, what is different is how it went wrong. The project’s decision-making was mostly inconsistent and unclear, with wild budget fluctuations, inept consultancy, and design teams, and internal struggles linked to the different stakeholders’ interests. The only certainty of the project is that it has large expectations to live up to, and only time will prove whether the airport project’s fortunes could be reversed.

List of References

Atkinson, R., 1999. Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a

Phenomenon, it’s time to accept other success criteria. International journal of project

Management, 17(6), pp.337-342.

Cleland, D.I. and Ireland, L.R., 2010. Project manager’s portable handbook. McGraw-Hill

Education.

Coronado, R.B. and Antony, J., 2002. Critical success factors for the successful implementation

of six sigma projects in organisations. The TQM magazine.

Davis, K., 2014. Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project

success. International journal of project management, 32(2), pp.189-201.

Duncan, W.R., 2004. Defining and measuring project success. Accessed on 15th April, 2014 from http://www. pmpartners. com/resources/defmeas_success. html.

Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking

project management performance and project success. International journal of project

management, 32(2), pp.202-217.

Thomsett, R., 2002. Radical project management. Prentice Hall Professional.

Immigration

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Immigration

Citation:

Alesina, A., Miano, A., & Stantcheva, S. (2020). Immigration and Redistribution. NBER. Retrieved 3 October 2020, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w24733.

Annotation:

The authors conducted large-scale surveys in six different countries to establish the native’s perspective on the issue of immigration and the perceptions which influence their preferences in regards to redistribution. The findings of this study show that most natives overestimate the number of immigrants in their country, have bias in regards to the cultural affiliation, religious affiliation and economic status of immigrants. The natives also believe that immigrants are more favored by the government in transfer of social funds for assistance than it is usually the case. In general, the study showed that natives have overall negative perceptions over immigrants. This they relate to the consequent effect on redistribution, where they established that many natives gave less support to the idea of redistribution such as charities. The authors, however, argue that this point of view on immigrants and redistribution is greatly influenced by untrue narratives on the matter which are rarely checked against facts. They add that the facts actually say contrary on the effect that immigrants have on social amenities.

Citation:

Dustmann, C., Schönberg, U., & Stuhler, J. (2016). The Impact of Immigration: Why Do Studies Reach Such Different Results?. Journal Of Economic Perspectives, 30(4), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.31Annotation:

This article basically studies the impact that immigration has on wages using empirical models of policy research. They review empirical literature on the subject, with totality and relativity of variables “inelastic and heterogenous labor supply of the natives” and “downgrading of immigrants” used as the key assumptions. The authors observe that downgrading of immigrants in the labor market occurs when their position is relatively lower in comparison to those of natives in the same position. This implies that the immigrants receive relatively lower pay for the same skills as compared to the natives. When considering the variables, the study found that heterogenous labor supply elasticities are complicate the process of estimating wages when the effects are studied relatively instead of in totality, similarly downgrading is supposed to lead to biased estimates when the effects are studied relatively rather than in totality. In a nutshell, empirical models of establishing the effects of immigration of wages answer critical policy questions when studied in totality.

Citation:

Farris, E., & Silber Mohamed, H. (2018). Picturing immigration: how the media criminalizes immigrants. Politics, Groups, And Identities, 6(4), 814-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2018.1484375Annotation:

This article central point is that the media’s portrayal of immigrants creates either a positive or negative perception of the issue of immigration in the public. The authors build on previous studies and pictorial evidences to examine the legality of the media coverage on the issue. The finding of this research is that the press, indeed, severally presents the picture of immigrants as undocumented and show images of the immigrants that are either detained or arrested. The analysis carried out shows that the media have the tendency to portray immigrants in a negative way knowing very well that the statistics on the threat that immigrants pose are quite opposite. The authors argue that this negative coverage of the immigration issue by the media has led to hostile attitudes towards immigrants as well as general public support for punitive measures in the formulation of immigration policy.

Citation:

LIGHT, M., & MILLER, T. (2018). DOES UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION INCREASE VIOLENT CRIME?*. Criminology, 56(2), 370-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12175Annotation:

This article main purpose is to help bridge the gap of knowledge that exists in the study of the criminality of undocumented immigrants. The primary research question for the article is whether undocumented persons, otherwise referred to as aliens, increases violent crimes. Therefore, the authors use demographic statistics of undocumented immigrants all over the U.S. to analyze the possible existence of a relationship between undocumented immigration and violent crimes. Using regression models in the analysis, the study reveals that there is no relationship between an increase in violent crimes and undocumented migration. Using supplemental models of victimization data and instrumental variable methods, the authors establish that there exists little evidence that the aforementioned results are because of decreased reporting. Therefore, the policy of immigration enforcement in recent decades are not founded on hard facts.

Citation:

Ousey, G., & Kubrin, C. (2018). Immigration and Crime: Assessing a Contentious Issue. Annual Review Of Criminology, 1(1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092026Annotation:

This article seeks to establish the general relationship between immigration and crime. The study uses recent research on immigration-crime relationship to synthesize the factuality of the matter through a combined approach of qualitative method of literature review and quantitative method of systematic meta-analysis. The findings of this research showed that the relationship between immigration and crime is generally negative although the scale of negativity varies from one literature to another.