Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment

Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment

Your name

University name

Course information

Professor/ Lecturer’s name

Assignment Due Date

I. Introduction

To put this in perspective, immunotherapy is a cancer treatment that aids the body’s immune system in the battle against cancer. Organs and tissues in the lymphatic system and white blood cells make up this system. It is a biological treatment known as immunotherapy. Chemotherapy using live organism-derived chemicals is known as “biological therapy. Many malignancies may be prevented or slowed down by the immune system’s ability to identify aberrant cells and eliminate them. For example, the immune system is a common sight in and around tumors. They are known as TILs (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) and show that the body’s response to the tumor is being detected. It is common for those with tumors that include TILs to perform better than those without. The immune system that has been cranked up to fight cancer may also work against healthy cells and tissues in your body, which is why immunotherapy can have adverse effects.

II. What is Cancer?

Cancer may begin practically anywhere in the billions of cells that make up the human body. Cell division is the process through which human cells grow and multiply in order to produce new cells when the body requires them. Old or damaged cells die, and new ones are formed in their place. As a result, aberrant or damaged cells proliferate and divide when they should not. It is possible for tumors to be malignant or not. A process known as metastasis occurs when cancerous tumors infiltrate adjacent tissues and spread to other parts of the body, resulting in new tumors (CRI, n.d.). Malignant tumors are another name for cancerous tumors

A. Common Cancers

Breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancer are the most frequent types of cancer. There are more than 100 different varieties of cancer that may affect almost every region of the body, so it is vital to keep this in mind. Lung cancer and breast cancer are two examples of malignancies called for the organs or tissues in which the tumors begin, respectively.

B. Cancer Treatments

1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a medicinal treatment that targets and kills rapidly proliferating cells in the body with very potent chemicals. In order to treat cancer, chemotherapy is the most common method since cancer cells proliferate and multiply considerably faster than normal cells. There are a wide variety of chemotherapy medications on the market. Some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy are minor and can be managed, while others, including cardiac difficulties, may be life-threatening (MSKCC, n.d.).

2. Radiation

By disrupting cancer cells’ DNA, radiation treatment either kills or inhibits the development of cancer cells. High doses of radiation are used in radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, as a cancer treatment to kill cancer cells and reduce tumors.

3. Surgery

Many cancers may be treated with surgery. It is excellent for cancers that are confined to a single region, like as a brain tumor. Surgery may be used in conjunction with other therapies, like as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, but it can also be performed as a stand-alone procedure.

4. Immunotherapy

In the battle against cancer, your immune system is aided by immunotherapy, a sort of treatment. It is the immune system’s job to protect your body from sickness and infection. Organs and tissues in the lymphatic system, as well as white blood cells, make up this system. Using the body’s own immune system to find and treat illnesses like cancer, immunotherapy is a relatively young field of study. Every form of cancer is being researched for immunotherapy.

A. Evolution of Immunotherapy

Traditional immunotherapy has used bacterial or viral infection to boost the immune system for more than a century. Virchow’s discovery of leukocyte-decorated tumors in 1863 led him to establish the link between tumors and inflammation (Zhang and Zhang). After discovering that mixes of living and inactivated caused tumor regression in sarcoma patients in 1891, William Coley, the founder of immunotherapy, first tried to harness the immune system to treat cancer. Even though this ground-breaking method demonstrated the notion of using the immune system to treat cancer, the lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of action and the danger of infection hampered its continued development (Anand, Soni and Padwad). Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by introducing novel and more effective treatments for a wide variety of solid tumors and blood cancers (Esfahani, Roudaia and Buhlaiga). Immunotherapy is one of the fastest-growing areas of medicine, even though it is not a brand-new specialty within oncology.

B. Types of Immunotherapies

It is critical to comprehend how Immunotherapy utilizes the body’s immune system to find and destroy cancer cells. Others instruct it to target certain types of tumor cells. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors are the first of several immunotherapies. A system of “brakes” known as checkpoints is used by your immune system when it tackles invading microbes and viruses. These checkpoints may be turned on or off by cancer cells in order to evade detection. These medications, known as immune checkpoint inhibitors, work by releasing the immune system’s restraints. Immune and non-immune cells’ surface proteins PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 are blocked. This permits the body’s immune system to focus on malignant development. Adoptive Cell Therapies are the next step.

Powerful anti-infective T cells are found in the white blood cells. Doctors use this procedure to eliminate T cells that have begun to fight your tumor. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are grown in great numbers in a laboratory. After activating these warriors, they return them to your body. Monoclonal Antibodies are another option. There are proteins in your immune system that are called antibodies. They search for and bind to proteins on cancer cells known as antigens. As a result, your immune system is bolstered to fight cancer. This kind of monoclonal antibody is the most prevalent one utilized in oncology.

For this reason, they are known as “naked” people. In order to fight cancer, these antibodies strengthen your immune system’s reaction or inhibit antigens that aid the disease’s growth and dissemination. Creating antibodies in the laboratory is a possibility for scientists. Different monoclonal antibodies are known as monoclonal antibodies.

C. Drugs used in Immunotherapy

The PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors are the targets of current checkpoint inhibitors. Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, and Atezolizumab are some of the most often used checkpoint inhibitors. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha are two commonly utilized cytokines in cancer treatment (IFN-alpha). New immunotherapy medications are being developed all the time.

D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Immunotherapy

Among immunotherapy’s advantages is the fact that it may be effective even when other therapies fail. There are certain types of cancer that are resistant to radiation or chemotherapy, but can be treated with immunotherapy. In addition, it may improve the efficacy of other cancer therapies. Immunotherapy may enhance the efficacy of other treatments, such as chemotherapy (Vanneman and Dranoff). It’s also possible that your cancer won’t come back as quickly if you get this treatment. Your body’s immune system is trained to go after cancer cells if they ever return. An immunological memory may help you avoid cancer for a longer period of time (Tan, Li and Zhu).

However, there are a number of possible negative outcomes. Pain or swelling might occur in the place where the drug is injected into your body. The organs and systems might also be damaged. In certain cases, your immune system may assault your liver as a result of these medications. It’s not for everyone, either. In other words, your tumor may slow down or perhaps shrink, but it will not go away. Doctors don’t know why immunotherapy works for some patients but not others.

IV. Impact of Immunotherapy

A. Healthcare

As a result of the advent of immunotherapy, healthcare providers have been better equipped to meet the needs of their patients. Information on health care services is also included in this section

B. Economically

Oncology’s branch of cancer immunotherapy is expanding at a fast pace. There are several advantages of cancer immunotherapy, including the promise of little toxicity and long-lasting results. Treatments like these, on the other hand, might be quite costly. On the other hand, immunotherapy treatments have been found to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. Indirect expenses may be decreased by reducing the strain on informal carers and allowing some patients to return to work.

C. Ethically

More and more medical institutions and researchers are becoming involved in immunotherapy research as a result of its fast advancement. Patients with disorders and those who lack professional judgment may be drawn into clinical trials if the institutions conducting the study have lax entry criteria and immunotherapy equipment that does not match the mandated technical standards for cellular immunotherapy (Ren, Deng, Hong, Ren, Fu, Liu and Chen).

D. Psychologically

An individual’s emotional well-being might be adversely affected by receiving a cancer diagnosis (Kovacs, Eszlari, Gonda, and Juhasz). Anxiety is a common reaction to this life-altering event. Cancer patients, their families, and those who care for them often experience depression.

E. Technologically

Using biomarker and immune cell techniques, physicians now have more information on which patients are more likely to respond to specific immunotherapy, allowing them to make more informed treatment suggestions (Joshi and Dimov). Immunotherapy therapies are expected to become more widely available when new technologies are developed.

V. Latest Research on Immunotherapy

A. Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are made in a lab. Antibodies help the immune system recognize and eliminate invaders like bacteria and viruses. The body naturally produces antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies, like your own, may recognize specific targets. The body’s natural defenses against cancer may be aided by many monoclonal antibodies. The immune system can more quickly recognize and kill cancer cells identified by monoclonal antibodies.

B. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Oncology has been transformed by immunotherapy, which has improved the results and survival of many patients. Targeting ICIs has become an essential part of the treatment of cancer. There has been a lack of interest in ICIs, which is unfortunate. Immunotherapy response can be improved by using additional drugs and inhibitory pathways, but their development is still a problem.

C. Cancer Vaccines

In order for the immune system to be able to identify and eradicate cancer cells, cancer vaccines are an immunotherapy method. Diseases caused by viruses and bacteria have been successfully prevented by vaccines. This is one of the most recent immunotherapy studies.

D. (CAR) T-Cell Therapy

As a result of early stage study, CAR T-cell therapy, a kind of immunotherapy, may be less toxic and more successful in adults with B-ALL, a population that previously had limited treatment choices available. Adults with relapsed B-ALL presently have no authorized curative therapy. The current treatment for these people is chemotherapy, and the outlook is bleak.

E. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, an immune cell that may detect and destroy cancer cells, are extracted from a patient’s tumor and cultivated in vast numbers in the laboratory before being administered to the patient. After the lymphocytes have been harvested, they are infused back into the patient’s body to aid in the fight against cancer.

VI. Future of Immunotherapy

A. Expansion into other areas of medicine besides cancer

Immunotherapies are currently being used to treat a broad variety of illnesses outside cancer. Diabetes is one of the illnesses now being researched. Techniques to boost the immune system are being tried for autoimmune and cardiac illnesses, but their effectiveness in people is unknown. Immune systems are vital in every organ and health concern, thus extending this strategy beyond cancer research has great potential.

B. Targeted Therapy

Oncology medications and other chemicals known as targeted cancer treatments work by interfering with particular molecules involved in the development, advancement, and spread of cancer in order to stop it from spreading and spreading. Many anticancer medication developments are presently focused on targeted therapy. Precision medicine is based on the utilization of genetic and protein information about an individual’s body as a basis for illness prevention, detection, and treatment.

C. Combination Therapy

Combination therapy combines two or more medicinal agents to treat cancer. The synergistic or cumulative nature of anti-cancer drugs makes it more effective than monotherapy. Despite the fact that many people are concerned about the negative effects of chemotherapy, much progress has been achieved.

VII. Conclusion

To comprehend the bigger picture, immunotherapy is a cancer treatment that helps the body’s immune system attack cancer. The immune system’s goal is to keep you healthy. This system includes lymphatic organs, tissues, and white blood cells. Immunotherapy is a biological treatment. Biological treatment is the use of substances produced from living organisms. As stated earlier, immunotherapy is used to treat cancer. Many tumors may be treated using FDA-approved Immunotherapy medicines. Immunotherapy is still not as prevalent as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation (CTCA, n.d.). Immunotherapy is one of the most promising new cancer treatments because it uses the immune system’s ability to combat cancer cells.

References

Cancer research institute history. (n.d.). Cancer Research Institute. https://www.cancerresearch.org/about-cri/cri-historyEsfahani, K., Roudaia, L., Buhlaiga, N., Del Rincon, S., Papneja, N., & Miller, W. (2020). A review of cancer immunotherapy: From the past, to the present, to the future. Current Oncology, 27(12), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.27.5223Immunotherapy to treat cancer: Options & side effects. (n.d.). Cancer Treatment Centers of America. https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/precision-medicine/immunotherapyJoshi, S., & Dimov, V. (2014). Use of new technology to improve utilization and adherence to immunotherapy. World Allergy Organization Journal, 7, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-7-29Kovacs, D., Kovacs, P., Eszlari, N., Gonda, X., & Juhasz, G. (2016). Psychological side effects of immune therapies: Symptoms and pathomechanism. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 29, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.008Ren, S., Deng, J., Hong, M., Ren, Y., Fu, H., Liu, Y., & Chen, Z. (2019). Ethical considerations of cellular immunotherapy for cancer. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 20(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b1800421Tan, S., Li, D., & Zhu, X. (2020). Cancer immunotherapy: Pros, cons and beyond. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 124, 109821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109821Targeted molecular therapies in cancer. (2021). In Modern cancer therapies and traditional medicine: An integrative approach to combat cancers (pp. 59–101). BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789814998666121010007Types of cancer treatments. (n.d.). Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/cancer-treatmentsVanneman, M., & Dranoff, G. (2012). Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapies in cancer treatment. Nature Reviews Cancer, 12(4), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3237Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: Understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 17(8), 807–821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0488-6