Science
[Student’s Name]
[Institution Affiliation]
For all questions that require choosing a topic, please choose a topic in health care or related to health care. Norms of the Scientific Community
Pick 2 of the five 5 norms of the scientific community and give an example of something or a situation that goes against or challenges that norm. List norm selected and provide the example with brief explanation for each of the 2 norms you select:
Norm 1: Universalism
This is scientific idea or norm that concentrate on claims about the world and not the certain people making the claims (Bradshaw & Stratford, 2010).
Norm 2: Communism
This norms deals with the sharing of knowledge about science its norms amid other issues in its validity. Those that share are known as the tribe of science.
Paradigms
Match the following characteristics, people or descriptions to the correct methodological paradigm. To the right of each of the 3 paradigms write the letters of the characteristics, people or descriptions that best reflect that paradigm. Each letter (a – dd) should fit best to only one of the 3 paradigms:
Positivist social science: Auguste Comte, Wilhem Dilthey
Natural attitude and bracketing
Provides thick description or symbolic representation
Symbolic interactionism
False consciousness (i.e., people are mistaken and act against their own best interests)
Interpretive social science: Pierre Bourdieu, Max Weber, Paulo Freire
Purpose is for scientific explanation, to discover universal laws of human behavior
Purpose: Study social action or action to which people attach meaning
Purpose: critique and transform reality by raising and identifying problems; also to empower individuals
Evidence about social action cannot be isolated form the context in which it occurs or the meanings social actors assign to it
Places social relations in a larger, historical context
Rejects reification, which is that social forces have power over and operate on people
Critical social science: Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx
Natural attitude and bracketing
Provides thick description or symbolic representation
Symbolic interactionism
False consciousness (i.e., people are mistaken and act against their own best interests)
Causal laws are a central part
Researchers can replicate or reproduce the results of others’ research
Should be a disinterested scientist
Purpose of Research
What are the social impacts denoted by Johnson’s behavioral Model; a detailed analysis should also be noted?
How does nursing care affect the health of a patient with respect to cancer patients?
What is the analytical changes that take place around the globe based on science and technology?
Units of Analysis
Write 3 different research questions on the same topic chosen in the previous question that illustrates the following 3 units of analysis [if one of your research questions above is at one or more of these units of analysis you can re-use them here]:
Individual: What are the social impacts denoted by Johnson’s behavioral Model; a detailed analysis should also be noted?
Group: How does nursing care affect the health of a patient with respect to cancer patients?
Organization: What is the analytical changes that take place around the globe based on science and technology?
Methodologies
Choose a broad topic (THE IMPACTS OF BEHAVIORAL MODELS IN NURSING PRACTICE AMID CANCER PATIENTS) and write a research question on that topic that reflects each of the following methodologies or paradigms:
Phenomenology: What is the effect of the models to nurses and cancer patients
Ethnography: How does the culture of the patients as described by the models affect their health?
Grounded theory: What are the qualities needed for a nurse based on their behavioral analysis does the models support for a good practice?
Critical social science: How does personal reflection affect nursing practice especially to cancer patients?
For each of the following 3 types of qualitative studies or methodologies you’ve learned about in class – phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory –describe in your own words the following:
Phenomenology
To determine the consciousness of individuals in personal perspective, observation method of data collection, random sampling, a sample of less than 1000 people and it should be in first person (Creswell, 2012).
Ethnography
Focus is to determine cultural issues. The primary data collection used is survey method. Stratified sampling is mostly used. The sample size is always large and it’s the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures
Grounded theory
It is an inductive methodology. The primary data collection that could be used in observation and survey. In addition, the sample size is always small and a qualitative method, it is not. It is a general method. It is the systematic generation of theory from systematic research (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012).
Data Collection Methods
Select a topic [The Impacts Of Behavioral Models In Nursing Practice Amid Cancer Patients] and answer the following for researching this topic using interview methods:
Formulate the purpose of the investigation on this topic (using interviews): To ascertain the effect of behavioral model in nursing
Describe what type or degree of ‘structure’ you would use and why to investigate this topic?
Hierarchal structure will be used. The reason for researching the topic is that it has limited review and the rate of cancer patients is demanding.
From Kvale, page 133, Box 7.1, formulate an example interview question for EACH of the 9 (A – I) questions types he describes, indicate the type and provide the example for the topic you selected.
Survey Questions i. As a cancer patient how does the model help you?
ii. What is the mode of delivery you offer the patients?
iii. What is the impact of the model to health care?
iv. How do u reflect on the model in nursing practice?
Select a topic [The Impacts Of Behavioral Models In Nursing Practice Amid Cancer Patients] and describe the following for researching this topic using observational methods:
Provide and briefly explain 3 advantages or values of using observation as a data collection method for research on this topic:
There is immediate feedback, this offers easy and reliable access if data for analysis (Myers, Well & Lorch, 2010)
Easy to use; data collection is to use for both qualitative and quantitative research
There is limited bias of information and data
Describe what it would look like if you were doing observational research on this topic as a ‘participant observer’ versus as a ‘passive or onlooker observer’. What would your role and activities look like? Describe in 3-4 sentences. As a participant observer my role will be to determine the feedback obtained. Analysis of the date will also be my role. Direct communication is also encouraged.
For a passive or onlooker observer the role will be to evaluate information or data from others. Analyze the data in third person. Write a report about the observation (Waltz, Strickland & Lenz, 2010).
Briefly explain what is “emic” versus an “etic” approach to observation?
“Emic” refers to the insiders’ view – that is, how a particular issue or problem (and its possible outcomes) may be viewed by the central actors within a culture. “Etic,” on the other hand, refers to the perspective of outsider.
Answer the following questions regarding focus groups:
Approximately how many people should be in a focus group?
From eight to ten subjects.
Are participants in a focus group usually homogenous or heterogeneous?
The participants in the groups must be homogenous.
Provide an example research topic or question that would be appropriately answered with focus groups?
In groups of not more than ten members what is the value of best nursing practice?
Sampling
Describe the aim of purposive sampling, and how it differs from probability sampling and why? The aim of purposive sampling is to determine the decisions of individuals while probability sampling is aimed at determining the chance of a certain population.
Choose a broad topic (The Impacts of Behavioral Models in Nursing Practice amid Cancer Patients]) and describe the purposive sampling strategy and what it would like for this topic for 6 different sampling strategies. Please indicate the sampling strategy, then describe the example using that strategy for sampling on the topic you selected above:
Simple random: The strategy is to ensure that all the participants are in small sample and have high return rate
Systematic Sampling: The strategy is to make sure that data are arranged in order
Cluster sampling: The data and the participants are grouped together for easy data analysis.
Stratified Sampling: The data in this strategy is placed in starter
Unbiased sampling: This strategy in sampling is there to support the fact that sampling should be done in accordance to data sharing facets to reduce biasness of data
Convenience sampling: This strategy is there to ensure that data reliability and efficiency is met.
What is an adequate sample size in qualitative research? What is an example of a typically adequate sample size for grounded theory study?
There is no adequate sampling size in qualitative research. This should be number that allows the research to ensure data and information efficiency and reality.
Data Analysis
Pick 1 of the “Methods for Analyzing Free-Flowing Text” described by Ryan and Bernard (in Chapter 7, “Data Management and Analysis Methods” – starting under Figure 7.4 (i.e., Key-Words-in-Context, Word Counts, Structural Analysis and Semantic Networks, Cognitive Maps). After you select one of the approaches for analyzing words, briefly describe it, and give an example research topic that might use or benefit from that analytic technique. Systematic analysis is the analysis method of choice. It’s aimed at offering an exhaustive summary of the current literature which is relevant to a research question. The Impacts of Behavioral Models in Nursing Practice amid Cancer Patients
Rigor in Qualitative Research / Critiquing Qualitative Research Describe at least 3 criteria for evaluating QUANTITATIVE research, then describe at least 3 criteria for QUALITATIVE research (HINT: criteria often credited to Lincoln and Guba), and then compare and contrast them.
Quantitative Criteria (3)This is done to ensure reliability of data analysis. In most cases the data analyzed is numbers. In nature and form the number are analyzed using program such as SPSS amid others.
Qualitative Criteria (3)
This is the analysis of text information or data. In most cases it takes place in social science. Analysis of literature review is an example of this criteria.
Compare and contrast
Quantitative criteria is mostly done to number analysis of information and qualitative criteria is that which considered literature analysis.
Using Creswell, Chapter 10 “Standards of Verification and Quality”, select 3 exploring procedures (described in Creswell, starting on page 201) and briefly describe them.
Exploring Procedure 1: private procedures. It offers clear information about the verification and quality of data to specific users and participants.
Exploring Procedure 2: Public Procedure: It offers clear information about the verification and quality of data to all users and participants.
Exploring Procedure 3: Function procedures: It offers elaborate analysis of quality and verification based on the functional role of the participants and researcher.
For the 3 studies discussed in class (referenced below) list and describe 3 weaknesses for each using the readings about quality and rigor in qualitative research, and criteria used to evaluate qualitative research.
Phenomenology – Rubio-Valera et al. (2012) “Factors affecting collaboration between general practitioners and community pharmacists: a qualitative study.”
It is hard to introduce researcher induced bias
Hard to ensure pure bracketing
It does not offer generalized data
Grounded Theory – Thompson et al. (2008) “Identifying perceptions of professionalism in pharmacy using a Four-Frame Leadership Model”
The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and validity of approaches and information.
It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher-induced bias.
The presentation of results – the highly qualitative nature of the results can make them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners
Ethnography- Taxis and Barger (2003) “Causes of intravenous medication errors: an ethnographic study.”
A good ethnographic research study will require a huge investment in the researcher’s time
This can be a problem for the researcher because the results will be so diverse as a result of the multiple perceptions with which the researcher has to deal
Because the researcher in an ethnographic study is often working alone, then there is often nobody who can check the findings for reliability.
Using Patton’s “Rigor: Strategies for Enhancing the Quality of Analysis” , select a ‘triangulation’ strategy (begun being described on page 555) for each of the studies reviewed in class and asked about in Question 7 above, and describe how you could use the selected triangulation strategy if you revised that study’s design.
Phenomenology – Hughes & McCann (2003) “Perceived inter-professional barriers between community pharmacists and GPs: a qualitative assessment.”
Triangulation Strategy Selected: Concurrent Triangulation strategy
Describe: This ensures that there is there are two or more method used in the study. This will offer result in varied forms such as the barriers between the community and the GPs
Grounded Theory – Thompson et al. (2008) “Identifying perceptions of professionalism in pharmacy using a Four-Frame Leadership Model”
Triangulation Strategy Selected: Current Triangulation strategy Describe: This method ensures that there is a framework that undertakes all reliable research and analysis skills to offer enough perception of professionalism.
Ethnography- Taxis and Barger (2003) “Causes of intravenous medication errors: an ethnographic study.”
Triangulation Strategy Selected: Concurrent Triangulation strategy
Describe: The cause of medication errors is yet to be noted to ensure that there is reliability and efficiency of data in determining the cause of medication errors.
Meta-Synthesis
In your own words, describe what “meta-synthesis” or “meta-ethnography” is, and what is its value? Then identify an example in the literature and simple provide the reference below.Meta-analysis endeavors to incorporate results from various diverse yet between related subjective studies. The procedure has an interpretive, as opposed to totaling, plan, rather than meta-analysis of quantitative studies. Cases from the writing demonstrate that a few parts of the procedure are not yet completely settled.
Mixed Methods
Which of the following statements is TRUE or ARE examples of mixed-methods research?
List the letters that are TRUE or ARE examples of mixed-methods research:
Mixed methods involves collecting both qualitative and quantitative data
A Mixed methods studies must be conducted in a single study or program of inquiry
Mixed methods is a research design
Mixed methods research encourages the adversarial relationships between qualitative and quantitative researchers
A study that involved interviews to inform the development of focus groups
Briefly describe when each of the 4 major types of mixed methods designs are valuable to use, or what their intent is:
Triangulation Design: Triangulation is often used to indicate that two (or more) methods are used in a study in order to check the results. “The concept of triangulation is borrowed from navigational and land surveying techniques that determine a single point in space with the convergence of measurements taken from two other distinct points.
Embedded Design: Embedded research looks at existing elements of the school system from the standpoint of systemic theory, but within the practical constraints of district culture and operations. The desired result is to facilitate district actions towards an improved school system configuration.
Explanatory Design: An explanatory design theory provides a functional explanation as to why a solution has certain components in terms of the requirements stated in the design. For explanatory design theory, only two elements are essentially necessary for a complete design theory: requirements and solution components.
Exploratory Design: Is HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research” o “Research” research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship.
Select a health care topic: The Impacts of Behavioral Models in Nursing Practice amid Cancer Patients. Then, for each of the 4 major types of mixed methods designs, select 1 of the variants of that design (see figures: 4.1 – 4.4 for a quick reference) and briefly describe a study using that design on the topic.
Triangulation Design: It creates two and more methods to ensures that BM in nursing amid the people. It creates and environment for mixed designed to be used.
Embedded Design: The research will help took at the already existing school of thoughts hence reliable for the study.
Explanatory Design: Discrete explanation is needed to make sure that data is explained after analysis to make sure that this is done with respect to cancer patients.
Exploratory Design: the research on behavioral methods have been extensively researched hence this design it important in defining its extensive limitations.
References
Bradshaw, M. B., & Stratford, E. (2010). Qualitative research design and rigour.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2010). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (2012). Research design explained. Cengage Learning.
Myers, J. L., Well, A., & Lorch, R. F. (2010). Research design and statistical analysis. Routledge.
Salkind, N. J. (Ed.). (2010). Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1). Sage.
Turner III, D. W. (2010). Qualitative interview design: A practical guide for novice investigators. The qualitative report, 15(3), 754-760.
Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research.
