The Impact of Teamwork on Employee Performance in Strategic Management and the Performance Improvement Department of Abu Dhabi Police, UAE
Abstract
The structures in the community are organized around the government, business, and non-profit organizations. The three sectors in any economy must correlate and work together for the welfare of the society. However, the environment today is changing and there is considerable concern about the effectiveness of the non-profitable organizations, which may lack the capacity and technical expertise to keep up with the change and there by contribute to an enriched and healthy quality of life. According to Sporeen & Holloway (2004), many non-profit making organizations are fragile and they are responsible for many responsibilities in the society. Many at times, they fail to meet their responsibilities because their financial and other resources are limited. As the environment changes, the demand for the community based services increases, more new needs are identified than there were before as new paradigms for exchange and interactions are identified. The organizations operating a non-profit are challenged by devising new modes of dealing with the specific challenges that come with the changing environment. According to Graen, (2003), the organizations can overcome these challenges if they formulate new corporate strategies to manage their employees, the strategies should involve all employees in the organizations. This calls for teamwork and capacity building.
Critchley, Edwards and Fallon (2007) notes that the activities of organization are becoming complex daily with the advance in technology and there is need for participation of more than one individual. Many big organizations both profitable and non-profit making are increasing their training and teamwork activities in order to boost their performance. Many obstacles to teamwork have to be overcome for success and effective performance. Such obstacles emerge from the environment and the advancing technology. Also include are the conflicts among employees and the strategy formulation in organizations. Teamwork enables organization to overcome these obstacles through consultation and sharing of ideas. For success, the team participants must possess some skills and abilities that can enable them to perform their duties pertaining to the tasks of the group. Where such skills and abilities are limited, organizations have to train the employees and impart in them the specific needed skills. Teamwork is important to the organization because it helps the organization improve its performance through cooperation and participation.
Strategic management is another important aspect of the management that contributes to effective teamwork. Without proper strategies, the team will lack important tasks to execute hence the lag in the performance of the whole organization. Strategic management should treat teamwork as an independent strategy in ADP and therefore strengthen teamwork in all departments for the effective performance of the individual employees and the whole organization. This will involve strategic planning on how to improve teamwork in ADP through training and increased communication and interpersonal skills.
This study is important because it undertakes to study the effectiveness of teamwork as a strategy to increase the performance of employees in the Abu Dhabi Police as a nonprofit making organization. The study begins by the introduction, which highlights the aims and objectives of the study as well as the background to the study problem. It proceeds to the review of previous literatures on teamwork and performance, methodology, data analysis and findings and discussions of the study. The study ends by providing recommendation to ADP for effectiveness of teamwork for its employees and the whole organization.
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506267” Chapter One PAGEREF _Toc270506267 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506268” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc270506268 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506269” 1.1 Research objectives PAGEREF _Toc270506269 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506270” 1.2 Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc270506270 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506271” 1.3 Study hypothesis PAGEREF _Toc270506271 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506272” 1.4 Significance of the study PAGEREF _Toc270506272 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506273” 1.5 Study justification PAGEREF _Toc270506273 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506274” 1.6 Strategic Management & performance improvement Department in ADP PAGEREF _Toc270506274 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506275” 1.6.1 ADP Mission and Vision PAGEREF _Toc270506275 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506276” 1.6.2 The Strategic context PAGEREF _Toc270506276 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506277” 1.6.3 Security Awareness PAGEREF _Toc270506277 h 11
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506278” 1.6.4 Innovation Strategies PAGEREF _Toc270506278 h 12
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506279” 1.7 Thesis structure PAGEREF _Toc270506279 h 12
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506280” 1.8 Definitions PAGEREF _Toc270506280 h 13
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506281” Chapter Two PAGEREF _Toc270506281 h 15
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506282” 2.0 Teamwork and employee performance in nonprofit making organizations PAGEREF _Toc270506282 h 15
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506283” 2.1Chapter overview PAGEREF _Toc270506283 h 15
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506284” 2.2 Basics of teamwork PAGEREF _Toc270506284 h 15
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506285” 2.2.1 Developing teamwork PAGEREF _Toc270506285 h 18
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506286” 2.2.2 Components of good teamwork PAGEREF _Toc270506286 h 19
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506287” 2.3 Strategic management PAGEREF _Toc270506287 h 21
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506288” 2.3.1 The five facets of strategic management PAGEREF _Toc270506288 h 22
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506289” 2.3.2 Strategic planning and Strategic Management PAGEREF _Toc270506289 h 24
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506290” 2.4 Teamwork as a Strategy for management PAGEREF _Toc270506290 h 25
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506291” 2.4.1 The role of management PAGEREF _Toc270506291 h 26
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506292” 2.5 Teamwork and autonomy PAGEREF _Toc270506292 h 26
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506293” 2.6 Teamwork and job satisfaction PAGEREF _Toc270506293 h 27
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506294” 2.7 Teamwork and performance PAGEREF _Toc270506294 h 28
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506295” 2.8 Negative consequences of team work on performance PAGEREF _Toc270506295 h 30
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506296” 2.9 Chapter summary PAGEREF _Toc270506296 h 31
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506297” Chapter Three PAGEREF _Toc270506297 h 33
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506298” 3.0 Methodology PAGEREF _Toc270506298 h 33
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506299” 3.1 Approach PAGEREF _Toc270506299 h 33
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506300” 3.2 Research methods PAGEREF _Toc270506300 h 34
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506301” 3.2.1 Quantitative approach vs. qualitative approach PAGEREF _Toc270506301 h 34
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506302” 3.3 Strategy of research PAGEREF _Toc270506302 h 35
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506303” 3.4 Data collection methods PAGEREF _Toc270506303 h 36
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506304” 3.4.1 Population and sample Selection PAGEREF _Toc270506304 h 37
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506305” 3.4.2 Design of questionnaire PAGEREF _Toc270506305 h 37
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506306” 3.5 Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc270506306 h 38
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506307” 3.6 Reliability and validity PAGEREF _Toc270506307 h 39
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506308” Chapter Four PAGEREF _Toc270506308 h 40
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506309” 4.0 Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc270506309 h 40
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506310” 4.1 Questionnaires and interviews PAGEREF _Toc270506310 h 40
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506311” 4.2 Hypothesis testing PAGEREF _Toc270506311 h 42
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506312” 4.3 Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc270506312 h 44
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506313” 4.3.1 Good employee relations PAGEREF _Toc270506313 h 44
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506314” 4.3.2 Teamwork and employee autonomy PAGEREF _Toc270506314 h 45
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506315” 4.3.3 Impact of teamwork on the learning environment PAGEREF _Toc270506315 h 46
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506316” 4.3.4 Teamwork and job satisfaction PAGEREF _Toc270506316 h 47
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506317” 4.3.5 Negative consequences of teamwork PAGEREF _Toc270506317 h 49
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506318” 4.3.6 Teamwork and organizational environment PAGEREF _Toc270506318 h 50
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506319” 4.3.7 Teamwork and performance PAGEREF _Toc270506319 h 51
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506320” 4.3.8 Teamwork and strategic management PAGEREF _Toc270506320 h 53
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506321” Chapter Five PAGEREF _Toc270506321 h 55
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506322” 5.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc270506322 h 55
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506323” 5.1 Overview PAGEREF _Toc270506323 h 55
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506324” 5.2 Conclusion of the study based on objectives PAGEREF _Toc270506324 h 55
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506325” Chapter Six PAGEREF _Toc270506325 h 59
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506326” 6.0 Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc270506326 h 59
HYPERLINK l “_Toc270506327” 7.0 References PAGEREF _Toc270506327 h 63
Chapter 1 – IntroductionBackground
The Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) is amongst the most challenged organizations in UAE. The police are also one of the most diverse forces where effectiveness, focus, and objective orientation are essential. Based on this, the Strategic management and Performance improvement (SM&PI) Department in ADP considers that the employees should have the capability as well as confidence to deal with critical issues that characterize their work. Most important, performance is crucial because any sloppiness could have adverse consequences on the community as a whole (Grant, 2004). The kind of work that police officers do requires them to work together in groups for them to be successful. Teamwork is so critical that in some cases it determines survival of the organization.
Teamwork in the organization has great significance for more than one reason. Organizations that have embraced this concept have reported increased problem solving, employee autonomy and increased performance in work production stimulating new growth. When managed well, this group project approach has increased input by improving employee morale. Teamwork is said to have benefits, which can make a positive impact in the organization. Changes in today’s business world have made teamwork a reality in organizations, as knowledge sharing is crucial for success. Employees, managers, as well as executives have to share information. In addition, because of the complexity of operations as well as proliferation of knowledge in various fields, it is essential for employees at all levels to have the opportunity work as teams and learn from each other for them to generate innovative solutions to organizational, efficiency and operational issues (Wilson, 2008).
Performance has to focus on team performance as it allows corporation more than competition. The performance of any organization is dependent on employees and how they work. This is in turn dependents on whether there is an organizational culture that promotes a high work performance culture particularly within the top and line management through teamwork. To understand the role of teamwork on employee performance, a case study will be conducted in which the researcher will assess the impact of teamwork on employee performance in the SM&PI department of ADP. Semi-structured interviews and unstructured questionnaires will be used to collect data, which will be analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings will be validated using multiple perspectives.
1.1 Research objectivesThis study is not aimed at asserting the already written and existing literature on the impact of teamwork on employee performance in strategic management in non-profit-making organizations. Neither does it intent to set a new way that is right but it investigates the extent to teamwork affects positively the performance of employees in non-profit making organizations, especially the Abu Dhabi Police. The goal of the study is to establish the impact of teamwork on the Employees Performance in Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department in Abu Dhabi Police in the UAE. In order to fulfill this goal, the study seeks to fulfill the following specific objectives of the study.
Objective 1 – To identify the kind of support and guidance that is required by teams from the organization’s management for effective team performance;
Objective 2 – To evaluate team effectiveness in terms of team autonomy, job satisfaction and performance.
Objective 3 – To identify the benefits of teamwork as well as problems suffered by teams as far as performance is concerned within the Strategic management department In ADP.
1.2 Research QuestionsThe objectives and the goal of the study will be attained is the study answers the following research questions:
What are the components of teamwork that are relevant in non-profit organizations such as ADP and specifically the strategic management department in the organization? How does it encourage teamwork as a strategy for employee performance in the strategic department in ADP?
Determine the link between teamwork as a strategic policy of the strategic department in ADP given the fact that it is a non-profit making organization.
Establish the effectiveness of teamwork on employee autonomy, job satisfaction and the performance of the employees in the strategic department in ADP.
1.3 Study hypothesisThis study is about the impact of teamwork as a strategic management tool in non-profit making organization on the performance of employees. The study seeks to fulfill the hypothesis that teamwork as a strategic management tool affects positively the performance of employees in non-profit making organizations such as the police (Adobor, & Daneshfar, 2006). The vital issues that this dissertation will consider will be centered on the impact of teamwork as a strategy in management to be employed by non-profit making organizations in order to improve employee performance. This will involve the analysis of teamwork as a strategy used in management in Abu Dhabi Police and its impacts on the performance of employees in the organization.
1.4 Significance of the studyThis study is important because it examines the impacts of The Impact of Teamwork on the Employees Performance in Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department in Abu Dhabi Police in the UAE. Many non-profit making organizations usually operate with or without teamwork. However, the organizations know little of the importance of teamwork on the performance of employees in non-profit making organizations. As a form of strategic management, teamwork is an important strategy to use and apply in today’s modern flexible workforce because it can enable the organization improve the performance of the employees hence the overall performance of the organization. This study makes it clear as to why many profitable organizations encourage teamwork and why it is important for non-profit making organizations to emulate their profit making organization to achieve more.
1.5 Study justificationThis study seeks to use a case study as one of its methods in studying the study phenomena. The case study undertaken by the researcher is the Abu Dhabi Police as a non-profit making organization. This study is important to the organizations since it enables the organization understand the importance of teamwork as a strategy for strategic management and improving the performance of employees in non-profit making organizations such as the ADP. The research will help the strategic department in ADP to know the basic strategic management principles regarding teamwork and the employees’ performance.
1.6 Strategic Management & performance improvement Department in ADPAbu Dhabi Police was established in January 1957 late H.H. Shaikh Shakhbut Bin Sultan Al Nahayan , who was the first president of the State of Abu Dhabi and the elder brother of late H.H. Shaikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahayan, the establisher of the United Arab Emirates. Shaikh Shakhbut aim was to build a strong dependent government that provides security and peace to the country. ADP was formulated with very humble techniques (Strategic Plans, 2010). The very beginning duties were to watch and guard some areas like Ruler’s Palace, markets, banks and the boats coming from other countries. There were two police officers assigned to each location. There were at that time around 80 police officers. Coast Guards Unit in ADP was established in 1960 and in 1962; the first batch of Patrols was established. The first Police Music Band was set in 1963. These are the main steps in the establishment dates of ADP.
1.6.1 ADP Mission and VisionAbu Dhabi Police mission is to work in a cooperative environment to provide a safe and secured society, contains no crimes or other types of law breaking. The society we are seeking is stable and insures to keep the public’s rights. Its vision is to set up a professional and effective police staff whose main goal is to keep the community safe and free if crimes and to spread confidence among people. They are also seeking to build an efficient organization, concerned with motivating and training. It supports learning and new technologies (Strategic Plans, 2010).
The ADP has policies that are set up on finding problems in local policing and solving it. In fact, their policies are based on problem solving strategy, in order to continuously improve performance and quality service to achieve their main goal, which is insuring safety and security for community and diminish the crimes. Local policing is supporting decision-making and resources allocating, whereas Headquarters departments and sections are sustaining local policing through dedicated services and consultation. In addition, it emphasizes on community services through the improvement of their strategies, policies, and strategy’s standards and supervises the outcomes and performance progress.
1.6.2 The Strategic contextIn order to emphasize cooperation strategy, Abu Dhabi Police has established a service for reporting accidents and crimes occurrence. They had published their telephone numbers to make it easier for the people to find it. People can even report on missing things or people via Internet or newspaper. They have an advanced web site that enables citizens to interact with the police. Through this step, they are emphasizing people to cooperate with them and to trust them. Abu Dhabi Police also includes traffic and vehicle licensing. They are responsible for granting driving licenses and checking the state of the vehicles and its safety quality. Moreover, they provide instant help in case of car accidents or car break down, as there are many police patrols all over the city streets. A person can perform lot of services online, like registering new vehicle, apply for a new driving license or a replacement for a lost one, renewing the licenses, inquire about the fines or any other information, and pay the fines. Furthermore, they made special section for recruitment and applying for jobs. ADP has supplied toll free numbers for reporting or providing suggestions, in addition to the Call Back Service. They are well known to the Follow up System used.
1.6.3 Security AwarenessAfter implementing new strategies and the amazing changes applied to the ADP management, the new approach focuses on involving the community with their processes. This style will develop security awareness among the people and therefore will encourage them to participate with the police to fight crimes and preventing them. With the assistance of the local community, the police’s duties become easier to perform since this cooperation aids them in dealing with the community and understand their needs and problems (Strategic Plans, 2010). Therefore, the police will be more capable of facing crimes and validating secured community. Continuous communication between ADP and his or her local community supports security awareness among the society and calls the attention that security is every person’s responsibility.
1.6.4 Innovation StrategiesADP has realized that in order to apply a good change strategy, the computer, and technology systems should be improved. Applying new techniques to the Police departments is essential to help in investigation services and problem solving. That is why they asked the aid of other developed police systems worldwide, like the British systems. ADP has installed advanced databases to keep their data organized and well managed to keep track of the data and the ease of getting them. Through researches, it has been found that a very famous innovation in police management field was the Compstat system, which is the computer comparison statistics that was applied in the New York City in the 1990s by former Commissioner William Bratton. Compstat is an interesting model of applying new techniques to the police systems. In order to realize its innovation strategies, the ADP receives technical tools and systems like uniform Criminal Information System, The Eye Scan System, The closed televised surveillance system, The Patrol Mechanical Information System and Mechanical Alarm System. Despite the employment of these important strategies, there is dire need for cooperation among the many employees of the organizations for effectiveness of the organization in achieving its set objectives. Therefore, the one important strategy missing is the management strategy to promote teamwork and cooperation among employees. 1.7 Thesis structureChapter 1 introduction; this chapter introduces the research by giving the objectives of the study after establishing the background of the Strategic Management & performance improvement Department in ADP.
Chapter 2 Literature review; this chapter reviews the past literature concerning the teamwork, strategic management, and employee performance in non-profit making organizations. Both theoretical and empirical literature will be reviewed with findings on the study topic being provided.
Chapter 3 Research methodology; this chapter outlines the various methodologies that the study employs in collecting data and the analysis of the collected data. The study design, methodology, qualitative and sampling techniques are highlighted in addition to the validity, reliability, and limitations of the study.
Chapter 4 this chapter analyzes the data collected on the impact of teamwork as a strategy employed in strategic management on the performance of employees in non-profit making organizations. The responses to the questionnaire and interview questions are analyzed and discussed in this chapter. In addition, the findings regarding the performance of the employees in relation to teamwork are discussed.
Chapter 5 Conclusion; this is the last chapter of the study that concludes the research by making conclusions regarding the fulfillment of specific objectives of the study based on the findings of the study.
Chapter Six recommendations; the recommendations based on the findings of the research are related to strategies on how to improve the performance of employees basing on the application of teamwork to ADP. Moreover, recommendations on further research are provided and conclusion given basing on the findings of the study.
1.8 DefinitionsTeamwork: according to Jenner, Foote and Zhao (2010), several people have defined teamwork differently. However, though the views slightly differ, the organization of work using teamwork can be defined as a wide range of possibilities such as quality work, cross-functional teams, self-managing teams, or virtual teams. Many employers usually provide autonomy together with teamwork. A distinctive feature of teamwork is the successive work actions to assemble different parts of the product. In places where the aim is to improve the process of production, teamwork is more of complexity, increase in communication and integrative work. However, for the purposes of this study, a team will be used to mean Group(s) of employees who have at least some collective tasks and where the team members are authorized to regulate mutually the execution of these collective tasks’ (Critchley, Edwards & Fallon, 2007).
Strategic management: according to Graen (2003), strategic management refers to the process by which the decision making organ of an organization envisions the future of the organization and they develop the necessary procedures and operations to achieve that anticipated future.
Chapter 2 – Teamwork and employee performance in nonprofit making organizations2.1Chapter overviewBoth profit and non-profit making organizations are finding teamwork very important in their operations and especially in employee performance and the overall performance of the organizations. Many organizations that have established the culture of teamwork do operate with high quality, speed and are more economical in their operations. According to Aichouni (2005), man is unable to live on his efforts alone and he therefore requires the help of a fellow man. Consequently, teamwork in many organizations is as important as the mutual interactions of man. A secure and friendly work environment is not a condition within itself for forming progressive teamwork. Politeness and respect are the first conditions for successful advancement of the team. However, they do not characterize teamwork (Thamhain, 2008). The important values of teamwork are communication, conflict resolution, and cooperation among employees.
2.2 Basics of teamworkWilson, (2008) define a team as a group of people carrying out work collectively. Success in the work done is achieved if a good team is chosen. In course of executing duty, the individual members of a group that forms a team should have a common goal towards success. The qualities of a good team are capable, intelligent, communicative individual with a clear understanding of the problem at hand would like to cooperate in order to solve the problem as a team. The team should achieve the intended goal as a team and not as individual members of the team. According to Levy (2005), this is the right path to success. There is a connection between teamwork and looking for ideas such as problems and conflict solving ideas. These factors are interconnected and dependent on each other and therefore cannot be separated. In this regard, communication and cooperation are common and present everywhere. These can be depicted in figure 1 below.
Ideas in the teamwork: every member in the team is important. Ideas in the teamwork involve the collection of ideas from the team members in order to achieve the group goal. Ideas can be collected in the team through brainstorming sessions where participants state their ideas as they are noted down.
Teamwork and conflict resolution: teamwork is an effective means of solving conflicts in an organization. The conflict or problem at hand can be subjected to the views of the participants whose solutions to the problem differ. Conflicts are many and may arise from the steps towards achieving of the given a group goal or the members in the team can disagree on the goal itself. According to Russell (2005), there is no necessity of the team to solve the problems to be performed by a group of individuals. However, the synchronization of individuals, mutual adaptation and co-operation are necessary for solving problems. In addition, the main goal of teamwork is to solve problems. The diversity of the group members means that there are many different opinions concerning the solutions to the problems as the individuals. In order to arrive at the best solution, the team settles of the optimal solution to the problem at hand (Hesselbein & Shinseki, 2004).
According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005), conflicts regarding the given solution to the problem are important because it enable the team to come up with a better solution. A never-ending circle in the diagram means that whenever the group is trying to solve the problem, other problems come up.
Fog 1
Source: Rupar, B & Rupar, M (n.d), Importance of teamwork for non-profit organizations
For an optimal solution to be reached, the group should let go the conflicts and arrive at optimal solution to the problem.
Solving problems: this involves ideas that can solve a problem. The solution on the problem is obtained from the ideas obtained from the participants. For the success of teamwork, mutual-cooperation and communication among team members is very important. For participants to adjust, they need to communicate and cooperate. Schroeder & Lombardo (2004), argues that without communication and mutual cooperation, teamwork is unsuccessful. The communication used in teamwork can be either verbal or non-verbal. Through teamwork, the management of an organization can establish the goals of the organization regarding specific aspects with the help of teamwork. Graen (2003) add that effective teamwork can be achieved through motivation of the participants. Successful teamwork leads to quality work and better organizational operations with increased success at all levels of the organization (Linden, 2002).
2.2.1 Developing teamworkMany organizations have adopted teamwork in their operations making it to be very valuable. According to Critchley, Edwards and Fallon (2007), teamwork is used in both profit as well as non-profit organizations. The failure of some companies to employed teamwork in their daily operations can be attributed to fear and mistrust of employees during the implementation of new methods of work in the organization. Teamwork is developed through five phases as indicated below.
Team development
Source: Rupar & Rupar, (n.d) Importance of teamwork for non-profit organizations
The first phase involves the formation of a group through the introduction f new members. The new members get to know each other about the problem at hand that united them. According to Boaden and Leaviss (2000), many ideas are put forth in this phase, in which based on adapting in the following phase must be adjusted. Consensus and the voice of the majority must be adhered to in the third phase. The participants must realize the common goal and therefore the idea for their membership. The third phase is the most demanding and the most important. As the realization phase approaches, the participants realize that they need to arrive at an optimal solution to the problem. King (2004) notes that the participants must be careful while negotiating the optimal solution so that they do not lose the support of other members because they will be of importance in the last phase of assuming responsibilities. According to Flick, et al. (2004), the working team should be maintained as a team for success and attainment of the necessary goals. Therefore, successful development of a team means a continuous process.
According to Creswell (2007), teamwork is essential to the success of any organization. Productive teamwork c
